Native Plant Swap

Since 1910, conservation and environmental studies have been an integral part of Scouting America. Scouts have rendered distinguished public service by helping to conserve wildlife, energy, forests, soil, and water. Past generations of Scouts have been widely recognized for undertaking conservation Good Turn action projects in their local communities. Through environmental explorations, Cub Scouts, Scouts BSA, Venturers, and Sea Scouts visit the outdoors and discover the natural world around them. Many natural resource careers are born in Scouting.

The objective of the Native Plant Swap is to encourage the cultivation of Texas native plants within residential landscapes while also providing assistance to local conservation initiatives, including those led by Scout organizations.

                   Part 1:
Learn about native plants and how to grow plants from seed.
 
Cultivate 12 native plants.

  Part 2:
Swap and take home 10 different native plants. Donate 2 plants for local conservation projects.
  Benefit. Native plants provide multiple benefits to people and wildlife, while contributing greatly to healthy soil and water in urban and rural areas. As the plants establish and flourish, enjoy the abundance of life that they bring to your garden. Share what you have learned with family, friends and neighbors. A single flower can produces hundreds of seeds to share.

This is a 2-part program.

Part 1 Zoom Meeting Date: TBD Participants will RSVP for Part 1 of this 2-part program. Part 1 be a Zoom call to learn about the program, learn how to grow plants from seed, and learn the benefits of using native plants. Participants will then purchase and grow 12 native plants.

     RSVP (opens soon)
Part 2 Cockrell Scout Center
2225 N Loop W
Houston, Texas 77008		 Date: TBD Participants will meet to exchange 10 seedlings. Participants will donate two plants that will be used in a local conservation project and take home 10 different native plants.

      Register (opens in August)

Importance of Native Plants

"When it comes to attracting beautiful butterflies and birds to your yard or community, the best thing you can do is use native plants. By planting natives, you restore the health and function of your local ecosystem... Did you know that a native oak tree can support the caterpillars over 500 species of butterflies and moths? Those caterpillars are a critical food source for over 96 percent of the songbirds. For example, a pair of Carolina chickadees requires between 6,000 and 9,000 caterpillars to successfully raise just one brood of young. That’s the power and importance of planting native plants when it comes to supporting wildlife." (Source)

"Nature knows best. When we live in synchronicity with mother nature rather than working against her we provide a better opportunity for survival and quality of life for all species. When we plant what was intended to be here... it will naturally perform better." (Source) Why native plants:

 

• Low maintenance, once established
• Reduced need for fertilizer and pesticides
• Survive temperature extremes
• Reduce mowing costs
• Conserve water
• Protect soils
• Mitigate flooding (<90%)
• Help the climate

• Create a healthier place for you, your family and community
• Provide habitat for birds, butterflies and other wildlife
• Promote biodiversity and stewardship of our natural heritage
• Primary source of wildlife food for many animals
• Attract insect herbivores needed in food chain
• Insects do not recognize non-native plants as food due to lack of evolutionary exposure
• Lack of biodiversity leads to wildlife decline and greater probability of species-specific extinction
​• Full food web allows for predation between all species
• Save money in many different ways  

How to Know if a Plant is Native

Texas has over 5,000 species of native plants. Native wildflowers, grasses, shrubs and trees do much more than add beauty to the landscape. "A plant is considered native if it has occurred naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without human introduction," having occurred before European settlement in North America. (Source)

Most of the plants in big-box stories and nurseries are non-natives. These plants disrupt the food web, outcompete native plants and degrade the habitat. People vary in how they use the word native to describe native plants. Participants are encouraged to seek out resources (e.g., maps) and research plants by their scientific names to ensure they are not only native to our area but also that they are not cultivars (typically identified by single quotation marks in their name).       

Houston Area Native Plants

Finding native plants can be challenging. "Pollinators need a variety of plants that bloom at different times throughout the season. Some plants provide nectar, others yield pollen, and nutritional values vary with each species. A healthy diet is a diverse diet: what’s true for people is true for pollinators." (Source)  Find a list of native plants using the database below by searching your county code, category (e.g., tree, vine, grass, milkweed, aquatic), the scientific or common name, or where to purchase seeds or plants. 

 

    1Common
Name		 1Scientific
Name		 2Category 3Propogation
(# Cold Stratification days needed)		 4Seed Sources 5Where to Buy
(subject to availability)		 Bloom
Time		 Bloom
Color		 6Sun
Exposure		 7Soil
moisture		 Height AUCOLife
Cycle		 9#NWF 
Benefits		 10Code /
Maps		 11County  
    Acanada Milk Vetch Astragalus canadensis herb seeds (10*), NPN PM   May, Jun, Jul white full, partial dry, wet 3' P butterflies, hummingbirds, birds, bees, insects; host: tailed blue ASCA11;
BONAP		 FBCO  
    Alamo vine Merremia dissecta

Ipomea sinuata		 vine     BNP, HAR, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, purple full, partial dry, moist, FACU 12' D butterflies MEDI2; 
BONAP		 CDCO 3
  * Alkali Sacaton Sporobolus airoides grass seeds, NPN NAS NPS-M Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow partial moist, FAC 3-6' P 3 butterflies & moths, bees SPAI;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO 1
    Alyssum                             2
    American Basketflower Centaurea americana herb seeds NAS HAB, LSN, MBG Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink, white full, partial dry 1.5-5' A butterflies, bees CEAM2;
.		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana shrub - beautyberry seeds, cuttings; NPN; facts NAS BNP, ENG, HAB, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H May, Jun, Jul purple, white fruit partial wet 3-6' D butterflies, birds, fruit CAAM2
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO 11
    American Bur Reed Sparganium americanum grass seeds (Fr) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug Yellow, Green full, partial wet, OBL 3' P 6 butterflies & moths, birds, insects SPAM;
BONAP		 HRCO, MQCO, WTCO  
    American Holly Ilex opaca tree seeds (30-60), cuttings     Mar, Apr, May, Jun White, Green full, partial, shade Dry, Wet, FAC 15-25' E 42 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, berries; host: elfin ILOP;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    American Lotus Nelumbo lutea aquatic division PM GSW,   Jul, Aug, Sept white, yellow full wet NELU, OBL   P   NELU;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, HRCO,  MGCO, WHCO  
    American Pokeweed Phytolacca americana herb seeds NAS   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, pink, purple partial moist, FACU   P birds PHAM4;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WHCO (rare)  
    American Swamp Lily Crinum americanum aquatic - shrub     GSW, MBG, NPS-H, NPS-M Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white partial wet,
 		   P birds CRAM2;
BONAP		 HRCO (rare)  
    American Sycamore Platanus occidentalis tree  seeds (30), NPN   NWR Mar, Apr red, yellow, green, brown full, partial, shade moist, FACW 150' D birds PLOC; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO  
    Anacua, Sandpaper, Knockaway Ehretia anacua tree seeds, cutting,    BNP, NWR Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec white  full, partial dry 20-45' E bees, honeybees, birds, mammals, insects, fruit EHAN;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO  
    Annual Buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus aquatic seeds (30) PM   Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep yellow partial wet, med-wet
OBL		 2' A 2 butterflies & moths RASC3;
BONAP		 AUCO, HRCO, WHCO  
    Antelope-horn Milkweed Asclepias asperula milkweed seeds (90), cuttings   NPS-M Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, green full Dry, Moist 8-24" P 22* butterflies & moths; bees, birds, host: monarch, queens ASAS;
BONAP		 HRCO, WHCO  
    Aquatic milkweed Asclepias perennis milkweed - aquatic seeds   BNP, GSW, HAB, HAR,  NPS-C, NPS-H, MSP May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, pink full, partial Moist, Wet, OBL 32" P 22* butterflies & moths, bees ASPE;
BONAP		   5
    Arkansas Ironweed Vernonia arkansana                           4
    Arkansas Yucca Yucca arkansana   seeds, cuttings     May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial dry 1-4' E   YUAR2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Arrow Arum Peltandra virginica aquatic seeds, cuttings (0*), facts PM   April, May, Jun green partial wet,
OBL		 2' P birds, ducks PEVI;
BONAP		 HECO, MACO  
    Arrowfeather Threeawn Aristida purpurascens grass facts   HAB,  Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep purple, brown   moist, FACW 1.5' P   ARPUAUCO
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HECO, WHCO  
    Arrowwood Viburnum Viburnum dentatum shrub seeds, NPN   BNP, HAR, MBG, NWR May , Jun , Jul white  full, partial, shade moist 6-10' D 67 butterflies & moths; songbirds, mammals, bees, insects; fruit; host: azure VIDE;
BONAP		 CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Ash Fraxinus americana tree seeds, (doc)(pdf)(pdf)   NWR Apr, May yellow, purple full, partial, shade dry, moist 120' D 104 butterflies & moths; songbirds, game birds;
host: hairstreak, cloak, viceroy, swallowtail+		 FRAM2;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, MACO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Bald Cypress Taxodium distichum tree seeds   BNP, MBG,  Apr purple full, partial moist
OBL		 50-75'x20-30' D 18 butterflies & moths; birds, mammals; host: moth, sphynx TADI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
  * Barbados Cherry Malpighia glabra shrub cuttings   BNP*, NWR Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec pink  full, partial dry 2-6' SE butterflies, birds, berries, insects, mammals; host: skipper, duskywing+ MAGL6;
BONAP		 HRCO 2
    Beardtongue Penstemon laxiflorus herb - Penstemon seeds NAS   Mar, Apr, May, Jun white, pink partial dry 1-3' D 14 butterflies & moths; hummingbirds, bees PELA10;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Berlandier's Yellow Flax Linum berlandieri       BNP,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep orange, yellow full dry       LIBEB2;
BONAP		 BUCO, BZCO, GMCO, WACO, WTCO  
    Big Bluestem "Big Four" Andropogon gerardii grass seeds (0), NPN, division; fact, guide PM, NAS BNP, HAB Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept   full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 7' E 22 butterflies & moths; birds, bees, host: skippers ANGE;
BONAP		    
    Bigfoot Waterclover Marsilea macropoda aquatic - herb - groundcover division   BNP, NPS-H     full, partial, shade wet,
OBL		 6-10" P   MAMA9; 
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Big Muhly - Lindheimer's Muhly Grass Muhlenbergia lindheimer grass     BNP, ENG, NPS-M May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white full dry, moist   E nesting materials for birds MULI;
BONAP		 -- 8
    Bird's Foot Violet Viola pedata Violet cuttings, seeds (60) PM   April, May, Jun purple full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3"   20* butterflies & moths, birds, host: fritillary VIPE; 
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Black Cherry Prunus serotina tree cuttings, seeds   BNP,  Mar, Apr, May white  full, partial moist 70-100' D 270 butterflies & moths; bees, birds, fruit; host: swallowtail, vicoroy+ PRSES
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Blackfoot Daisy         ENG,                    
    Black Gum Nyssa sylvatica tree     BNP Apr, May, Jun white, green, brown full, partial, shade moist 75-100'x40-70'W D bees, birds, mammals NYSY    
    Black Walnut Juglans nigra tree seeds     Apr, May yellow, green, brown full, partial moist 75'+ D 116 butterflies & moths; birds, squirrels JUNI;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, WHCO  
    Black Willow Salix nigra tree cuttings, seeds, NPN   NWR Apr, May yellow full, partial, shade wet 60' D 229 butterflies & moths; bees, birds; waterfowl, mammals, host: viceroy, swallowtail+ SANI; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Black-Eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta herb seeds (30), NPN PM, NAS BNP, ENF, ENG, HAB, HAR, MBG, NPS-C  Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 2' P 14* butterflies & moths; birds; bees; host: checkerspot+ RUHI2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Blackberry, Dewberry, Raspberry Rubus TC       HAR,             100 butterflies & moths   BZCO  
    Blackgum Nyssa aquatica aquatic tree seeds   NWR Apr, May green full wet,
OBL		 50-100' D 28 butterflies & moths; bees, insects NYAQ2; 
BONAP		 HECO, MQCO  
    Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica         Apr, May, Jun   full, partial, shade moist 75-100'x40-70'   28 butterflies & moths; bees, insects NYSY    
    Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis herb seeds (F  L), division PM   April, May white partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 6" P   SACA13:
BONAP		 MGCO  
    Blue Curls Phacelia congesta herb seeds NAS   Mar, Apr, May blue, purple full,
partial		 dry 3' A, B 4 butterflies & moths; bees, insects PHCO2;
BONAP		 BZCO, MACO, WHCO  
    Blue Flax Linum lewisii shrub   NAS BNP,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep blue, purple full dry 16' P 21* butterflies & moths, bees LILE3; 
BONAP		 MACO  
    Blue Grama Bouteloua gracilis grass - (turf) seeds (0), NPS PM, NAS BNP, LSN Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-dry, dry 12" D butterflies, birds, host for skippers BOGR2;
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Blue Mistflower Conoclinium coelestinum herb - mistflower seeds (60), division JB, PM, NAS BNP, ENG, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR Sep, Oct blue partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1-3' P 1 butterfly & moth; birds, bees COCO13;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 12
  * Blue Sage Salvia azurea                           4
    Blue Waterleaf Hydrolea ovata aquatic - herb     GSW, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct blue full, partial wet,
OBL		   P butterflies, birds, bees HYOV; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Bluebonnets Lupinus texensis Lupine seeds NAS BNP, ARG, MBG, MGM Mar, Apr, May white, blue full dry 60 cm A 27 butterflies & moths; bees, insects, host: hairstreak, elfin LUTE; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Bluebonnets Sandyland Lupinus subcarnosus Lupine seeds NAS   Mar, Apr blue, purple full   <1' A 27 butterflies & moths, bees LUSU; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Blue Wood Sedge Carex flaccosperma grass     NPS-M               CAFL-3;
 		    
    Blunt Spike Rush Eleocharis obtusa grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct   full wet, med-wet
OBL		 3' A 4* butterflies & moths ELOB2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, 270, TNCO, WLCO  
    Bluntleaf Milkweed Asclepias amplexicaulis Milkweed       May, Jun, Jul, Aug
 		 pink, green, purple       P bees, insects ASAM; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial wet, med-wet 3-6' P 33 butterflies & moths; birds, bees, insects EUPE3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Bottlebrush Blazing Star, Gayfeather Liatris mucronata herb - gayfeather seeds (30) PM, NAS   Aug, Sep, Oct pink, purple full med-dry, dry 1-3' D 6* butterflies & moths LIPUM2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Bottlebrush Grass Elymus hystrix grass     NPS-M                   3
    Bracted Gayfeather Liatris bracteata herb - gayfeather     HAB Oct purple       P 6* butterflies & moths, bees LIBR; 
BONAP		 46,HRCO, MGCO  
    Branched Dicliptera Dicliptera banchiata herb     NPS-H Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink, purple partial moist   D butterflies; host: crescent DIBR2;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 7
  * Bristlegrass Setaria parviflora                           7
    Bristly Sedge Carex comosa grass seeds (60) PM   Jun white, green, brown full wet, med-wet 2'. P . CACOAUCO;
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Broadleaf Milkweed Asclepias latifolia milkweed       Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow, green full dry 3' P butterflies, insects ASLA4; 
BONAP		 HECO  
    Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus grass seeds (30) PM, NAS HAB, LSN,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow, purple, brown partial med, med-dry, dry 4' D 22 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, host: skipper ANVI2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO,HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Brown Fox Sedge Carex vulpinoidea grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug green, brown full, partial wet, med-wet, med, med-dry 3'. P birds CAVU2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO  
    Brownseed Paspalum Paspalum plicatulum grass     HAB, NPS-H May-Jul bluish-green leaves, full, partial moist 2-4' P 23 butterflies & moths PAPL3; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Buffalo Gourd Cucurbita foetidissima herb   NAS   Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full     P   CUFO;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Buffalograss Bouteloua dactyloides grass   NAS   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec yellow full dry 3-12" P-SE birds, butterflies, host: skipper BODA2;
BONAP		 BZCO, MACO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Bulltongue Arrowhead Sagittaria lancifolia aquatic NPN   GSW, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug white full wet 1-3' P 6* butterflies & moths SALA; 
BONAP		 CHCO, FBCO, HRCO  
    Bully Ebenelas                     12 butterflies & moths BONAP; USDA    
    Bur Oak, Burr Oak, Mossycup Oak Quercus macrocarpa tree seeds, NPN   BNP, NWR Mar, Apr, May yellow, green, brown full, partial dry, wet 60-100' D 468 butterflies & moths, songbirds, mammals, deer, nuts, host: hairstreak, duskywing QUMA2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, MACO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Bush sunflower Simsia calva sunflower   NAS   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov orange, yellow full dry 1-3' D butterflies, birds SICA7; 
BONAP		 AUCO  
    Bush's Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa herb - coneflower seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug yellow partial med, med-dry, dry 1-3' P 1* butterflies & moths, bees ECPA2; 
BONAP		 none 12
    Bushy Bluestem Andropogon glomeratus grass seeds, division   BNP, GSW, LSN,  Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, brown full moist 4-6' P 22 butterflies & moths, birds, host: skippers, satyrs ANGL2;
BONAP		    
    Bushy Seaside Daisy Borrichia frutescens       BNP,                     
    Butterfly Milkweed  Asclepias tuberosa milkweed seeds (30) JB, PM, NAS BNP, ENG, HAR, NPS-C,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep orange, yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2' D 22* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees, insects, host: monarch, queen, hairstreak + ASTU; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 5
    Butterfly Mistflower Chromolaena odorata shrub - subshrub cuttings   BNP, NPS-M Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec White, Blue, Purple partial dry <8' D butterflies, bees, insects, birds, seeds CHOD;
 		    
    Butterfly White Gaura Oenothera lindheimeri Guara seeds, division   ARG, BNP, ENG, HAB, HAR,  JNP, NPS-M April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec white full, partial moist 2-3' P 22 butterflies & moths OELI2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, WHCO 9
    Button Blazing Star, Rough Blazing Star Liatris aspera herb-gayfeather seeds (60) PM BNP, HAR, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple, pink full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2-4' P 6* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees LIAS; 
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, 9
    Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis shrub: Buttonbush, aquatic seeds (0) PM BNP, GSW, EG, LNP, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial wet, med-wet OBL  6-12' x 6-8'W D 24 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, insects, fruit, host: sphinx CEOC2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO 2
    California Bullrush Schoenoplectus californicus herb - aquatic seeds   GSW,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug white, yellow full wet,
OBL		 3-6' P   SCCA11;
BONAP		    
    Carolina Thistle Crisium carolinianum       LSN,                     
    Caylphus                             9
    Camphor daisy Rayjacksonia phyllocephala       MSP Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec yellow     1-3' A   RAPH2; 
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, MGCO  
    Cane bluestem Bothriochloa barbinodis grass - bluestem NPN NAS   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full dry 3-6' P 4 butterflies & moths BOBA3; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Cardinal Flower Lobelia cardinalis cardinal seeds (60), NPN JB, PM, NAS BNP, HAR, LNP, NPS-M Jul, Aug, Sept red full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 1-6; P 4* butterflies & moths, birds,  hummingbirds LOCA2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Carolina Buckthorn, Indian Cherry Frangula caroliniana tree seeds   BNP,  Fall white, yellow, green partial moist 10-15' D butterflies, birds, berries, host: snout FRCA13; 
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Carolina Cranesbill Geranium carolinianum Cranesbill seeds (90) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink full, partial med-dry, dry 1-3' A   GECA5; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, TNCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Carolina Jessamine  Gelsemium sempervirens vine seeds, cuttings   BNP, ENG Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Dec yellow full, partial moist   E butterflies, hummingbirds, bees GESE; 
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Carolina Snailseed Cocculus carolinus vine - snailseed seeds NAS   Jun, Jul, Aug   partial moist 3-15' E 2 butterflies & moths, birds, fruit COCA; 
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Catchfly grass Leersia lenticularis grass seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, green partial med-wet, med
OBL		 3'. P   LELE2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HECO, SJCO, TNCO  
    Cedar Elm Ulmus crassifolia tree seeds, NPN   BNP,  Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green full, partial moist 30-60' D butterflies, birds, seeds, mammals, host: question mark, cloak ULCR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, TNCO, WHCO 7
    Cherokee Sedge Carex cherokeensis grass seeds   BNP, GSW Apr, May, Jun white, green, brown partial wet   E   CACH3; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Cherry Laurel Prunus caroliniana shrub seeds, cuttings   BNP, HAB, MBG, NPS-M, NWR Feb, Mar, Apr white full, partial moist 15-20' x 10-15'W E birds, bees, butterflies (swallowtail, red-spotted purple) PRCA; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO 7
    Chestnut Castanea pumila tree seeds     Mar, Apr, May, Jun white partial dry   D 102 butterflies & moths; nuts, squirrels, host: moth CAPU9; 
BONAP		 HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO  
    Chile pequin Capsicum annuum shrub seeds, cuttings   BNP, HAR, NPS-H, NPS-M, MSP, NWR May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white partial, shade moist 1-4' D birds, peppers CAAN4; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, WLCO  
    Chinquapin Castanea pumila       BNP,                     
    Chisos Prairie Acacia Acacia angustissima shrub       May, Jun, Jul, Aug white     20" D 52 butterflies & moths ACANC3;
BONAP 		    
    Cinnamon Fern Osmunda cinnamomea aquatic division, NPN     Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec green partial, shade moist 2-3' SE birds OSCI; 
BONAP		 HECO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Clasping Coneflower Dracopis amplexicaulis herb - Coneflower seeds, NPN NAS BNP,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul yellow partial moist 1-3' A butterflies, bees DRAM; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, GRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Clasping Dogbane Apocynum sibiricum ? Dogbane seeds (0) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full med-wet, med, med-dry 5'   . ???; 
BONAP		 MACO, WTCO  
    Clustered Bushmint Hyptis alata Herb seeds, division,  cuttings   HAB, HAR, NPS-H, NPS-M May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white full, partial Moist, Wet
OBL		 2-5' P birds, butterflies, bees HYAL
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, WLCO  
    Clustered Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum muticum Herb - Mountain Mint seeds (0) PM HAR, Jul, Aug, Sept pink full, partial med, med-dry 3' P 3 butterflies & moths, bees PYMU;
BONAP		 MQCO  
    Coast Germander Teucrium cubense Herb - Germander     HAB Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full dry 1-3' P   TECU;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Coastal Water Hyssop, herb of grade Bacopa monnieri aquatic - groundcover division   GSW,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white, pink, blue full, partial wet
OBL		   P butterflies, host: white peacock BAMO; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, TNCO, WHCO  
    Comet Milkweed Asclepias viridiflora milkweed NPN     Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep yellow, green full dry   P bees ASVI; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Common Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia aquatic Arrowhead seeds (60), Division PM   Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial wet
OBL		 3' P 6* butterflies & moths SALA2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HECO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Common Beggarticks Bidens frondosa herb - Beggarticks seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow, orange full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 3' A bees BIFR;
BONAP		 BZCO, WTCO  
    Common Blue Violet Viola sororia herb - Violet seeds (60) PM   April, May, Jun purple full partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 4" A, SE 20 butterflies & moths, birds VISO;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Common Elm (Winged) Ulmus alata tree seeds, cuttings     Feb, Mar, Apr yellow, green partial dry 30-40'x30-40'W D question mark butterfly, Painted Lady, Eastern Comma ULAL    
    Common Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis herb - Primrose seeds (0), cuttings, NPN PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 3-6' B 22 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, hummingbirds, mammals OEBI:
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Common Hop Sedge Carex lupulina grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug   full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 3'. P . CALU4:
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Common Ironweed Vernonia fasciculata Ironweed seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial, shade med-wet, med 6' P 19* butterflies & moths;
bees, host; painted lady		 VEFA2;
BONAP		 none  
    Common Rush Juncus effusus aquatic Rush seeds (60), NPN PM GSW Jul, Aug, Sept full full wet, med-wet, med OBL 2' P 6* butterflies & moths, birds JUEF;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Common Sunflower Helianthus annuus sunflower seeds NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow sun dry 1-8' A birds, bees HEAN3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Common Tussock Sedge Carex stricta grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul white, green, brown full, partial wet, med-wet
OBL		 3'. P butterflies, birds, host: mulberry wing+ CASTAUCO; 
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Common Wood Sedge Carex blanda grass seeds (60) PM BNP,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul white, green, brown full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med, med-dry 2'. E . CABL; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, HRCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Compass Plant Silphium laciniatum Compass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 8' D 2* butterflies & moths, birds, bees SILA3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO  
    Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum aquatic - herb     NPS-H Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov pink, yellow, blue Part Shade wet, OBL       CEDE4; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Coral Honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens vine seed, cuttings   ARG, BNP, ENG, HAR, LNP, MBG, MSP, NNC, NPS-M, NWR Apr, Ma, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct coral full, partial moist 2" E 28 butterflies & moths, birds, hummingbirds, bees, fruit, host: azure, moth LOSE;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Coralbean Erythrina herbacea   seeds, cuttings, division   BNP, HAB, HAR, MBG, NWR May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov red full, partial dry 6-12' x 6-8' D 8 butterflies & moths, hummingbirds ERHE4;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Coralberry Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Coralberry cuttings, seeds, NPN PM ARG, BNP, ENF, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H May, Jun pink, coral full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1.5' to 6' D bees, birds, fruit SYOR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO 4
    Coral Vine         NWR                    
    Cord grass Spartina pectinata grass seeds (0) or division PM GSW Jul, Aug, Sept   full, partial wet, med-wet, med 8'   birds SPPE; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO  
    Corpus Christi Fleabane Erigeron procumbens herb - fleabane     HAB, HAR, Mar, Apr, May, Jun white, pink, yellow         insects ERPR16;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, MQCO  
    Cottonwood Populus deltoides tree cuttings     Feb, Mar, Apr yellow full, partial, shade dry, wet 180 D 183 butterflies & moths, birds; Host: cloak, viceroy, swallowtail PODE3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, TNCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Cowbane Oxypolis rigidior Cowbane seeds PM   Aug, Sept white full, partial wet, med-wet, OBL   P insects OXRI;
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Cowlily Nuphar lutea aquatic - Lily pad cuttings   GSW,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial wet, OBL 1-3' P turtles, deer, muskrats NULU; 
BONAP*		 BZCO, MGCO  
    Cowpen Daisy Verbesina encelioides herb - daisy seeds NAS   Mar, Apr, May blue dry   1-3' A 21* butterflies & moths, bees VEEN;
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, MACO, WTCO  
    Creeping Bluestar Amsonia repens       HAB, ENF,  Mar, Apr, May blue           AMRE3;
BONAP		    
    Creeping Burhead Echinodorus cordifollius aquatic Arrowhead     GSW,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white Wet
OBL		     A   ECCO3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO  
    Creeping Spotflower  Acmella repens groundcover cuttings   HAB, NPS-H, NPS-M May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov orange, yellow, green full   <1' P   ACOPR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Crossvine Bignonia capreolata vine cuttings, seeds, NPN   ARG, BNP, ENG, LNP Mar-Jun red, yellow full, partial Dry, Moist up to 70' E 2 butterflies & moths, hummingbirds BICA;
BONAP		 CHCO, GRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Crowfoot Fox Sedge Carex crus-corvi grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug . full, partial, shade med-wet, med, OBL 3'. P . CACRAUCO; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Culver's Root Veronicastrum virginicum herb seeds (60), division, cuttings PM   Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 5' P butterflies, bees VEVI4;
BONAP		 none  
    Cutleaf Daisy, Engelmann's Daisy Engelmannia peristenia Daisy seeds NAS BNP, ENF, LNP Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul Yellow dry   1.5" E 1 butterfly & moth, birds ENPE4;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO, GRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Cutleaf Ev. Primrose Oenothera laciniata Primrose division NAS   Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, pink, yellow partial     A bees OELA;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Dahlberg Daisy Thymophylla tenuiloba       ENG,                     
    Dahoon Holly Ilex cassine       BNP,                     
    Dark-Green Bulrush Scirpus atrovirens grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug   full wet, med-wet 5' P   SCAT2;
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Delta Arrowhead Sagittaria platyphylla aquatic Arrowhead     GSW,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug green, brown full wet, OBL 3-6' P waterfowl, birds SAPL;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO,   
    Devil's Walking Stick Aralia spinosa Walking Stick seeds (60), cuttings PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry to 30' D ?? butterflies & moths, insects, birds, bees, fruit ARSP2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Devil's Claw Proboscidea louisianica Claw seeds NAS   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, pink, yellow, purple full dry 2' A   PRLO;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO  
    Ditch Stonecrop Penthorum sedoides herb - stonecrop seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept green, red full, partial wet, med-wet, OBL 2' P   PESE6;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, WTCO  
    Dogbane Apocynum cannabinum Dogbane seeds (0) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 4' P butterflies, insects, monarchs APCA; 
BONAP		 MACO, WTCO  
    Dotted Blazing Star Liatris punctata Blazing Star seeds (30-90) PM BNP,  Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial med-dry, dry 2' P 6* butterflies & moths, birds, bees LIPU;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, HRCO,  MGCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Dotted St. John's Wort Hypericum punctatum St. John's Wort seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med, med-dry   P 13* butterflies & moths, bees HYPU; 
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Downy Lobelia Lobelia puberula herb - lobelia     HAB, NPS-H Aug, Sep, Oct Blue       P 4* butterflies & moths LOPU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Downy Sunflower Helianthus mollis herb - sunflower seeds (30), NPN PM   Aug, Sept yellow full, partial wet, med-wet   P 81 butterflies & moths, bees HEMO2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Drummond Red Maple Acer rubrum var. drummondii tree  seeds   BNP, HAR, MBG, MGM Feb, Mar, Apr red full, partial moist, wet 80' x 30-40'W D 180 butterflies & moths, seeds for birds, insects, host: Sphynx ACRUD; 
BONAP		 HRCO, SJCO, TNCO  
    Drummond's Aster Symphyotrichum drummondii Aster seeds (0) PM   Sep,  Oct white full, partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 3' P 7* butterflies & moths SYDR; 
BONAP		    
    Dudley's Rush Juncus dudleyi grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept green full med-wet, med, med-dry 2' P 6* butterflies & moths JUDU2;
BONAP		 AUCO  
    Dutchman's Pipe Aristolochia serpentaria vine seeds     Apr, May, Jun yellow, purple shade dry 1-3' D butterflies, host: pipevine swallowtail ARSE3;
BONAP		 HRCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Dwarf Palmetto Sabal minor shrub     BNP, HAR, NPS-H Sep, Oct   full, partial, shade   5-6' x 4-6' E 5 butterflies & moths SAMIAUCO;
BONAP		 BZCO, 3AUCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WHCO  
    Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup seeds (60) PM   April, May yellow full, partial med-dry, dry 9"   2 butterflies & moths, bees RAFA;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Early Sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides sunflower seeds (30) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry   P hummingbirds HEHE5;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Eastern Beebalm Monarda bradburiana herb     NPS-M Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep Pink, Purple Sun Moist     hummingbirds, bees MOBR2;
BONAP
 		    
    Eastern Gamagrass Tripsacum dactyloides grass seeds, NPN NAS BNP, GSW, HAB, MSP Apr, May, Jun brown  full, partial moist 4-8' P 5 butterflies & moths, birds, host: skipper TRDA3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WHCO,   
    Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia humifusa Cactus seeds (0) PM   Jun, Jul yellow full, partial dry <1' P 27 butterflies & moths, bees OPHU;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO,  WTCO, WLCO  
    Eastern Red Cedar  Juniperus virginiana tree NPN   BNP, ENG Nov, Dec   full, partial dry 20-50' E 46 butterflies & moth, birds, mammals, berries, host: olive JUVI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis tree seeds (30-60)   BNP, HAR, MBG, NPS-C  Mar, Apr, May pink partial moist 15-25'x15-20'W D 27 butterflies & moths (Henry's Elfin), birds, bees CECA4; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Eastern Swamp Privet Forestiera acuminata       BNP,                     
    Elbow Bush Forestiera pubescense       ENG,                    
    Elderberry Sambucus canadensis                           12
  * Elderberry Sambucus nigra shrub - Elderberry seeds (M), buttings, NPN PM BNP, HAR, Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry up to 10' D 24 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SANIC4; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO 4
    Elephant's Foot  Elephantopus carolinianus herb     NPS-H Sep, Oct, Nov pink, purple partial, shade   1-3' P   ELCA3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Elliot's Bluestem Andropogon gyrans grass     HAB   white, green         22 butterflies & moths ANGY2; 
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Elm-Leaved Goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia Goldenrod seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow partial, shade med, med-dry 3' P 82 butterflies & moths, bees SOUL2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO,HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Emory's Sedge Carex emoryi grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug white, green, brown full, partial wet, med-wet, OBL 2'. P . CAEM2; 
BONAP		 MACO  
    Eryngo Eryngium leavenworthii Eryngo seeds NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep blue, purple full, partial moist 2-3' A 4* butterflies & moths, birds ERLE11;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO  
    Fall Obedient Plant Physostegia virginiana Obedient seeds (60), division PM BNP, MBG, NPS-C, NPS-M, NWR Aug, Sept pink full, partial wet, med-wet, med 4' P butterflies, hummingbirds, bees PHVIAUCO;
BONAP		 CHCO, GRCO, HRCO 9
    False Aloe Manfreda virginica cactus seeds, NPN   NPS-C May, Jun, Jul, Aug green sun dry   P moths MAVI5;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    False Boneset Brickellia eupatorioides Boneset seeds (0) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov cream full, partial med-dry, dry   P 7 butterflies & moths BREU;
BONAP		 HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    False Dragonhead Physostegia angustifolia                           6
    False Indigo, Indigo Bush, River Locust Amorpha fruticosa tree seeds (10), cuttings, NPN PM BNP, LSN, MBG, MSP, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry up to 12' D 29 butterflies & moths, bees, insects, host: skippers, dogface, hairstreak+ AMFR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, HRCO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    False Pennyroyal Isanthus brachiatus Pennyroyal seeds (F) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct blue partial med-dry, dry   A   TRBR5;
BONAP		 GRCO  
    Farkleberry, Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum tree seeds, cuttings     Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec white  shade dry 12-15' D, E 151 butterflies & moths, bees, birds, mammals; host: elfin, hairstreak. VAAR;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Fewflower Milkweed Asclepias lanceolata milkweed       May, Jun, Jul, Aug red, orange full wet, OBL   P bees ASLA2; 
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Fire-On-The-Mountain Euphorbia cyathophora Mountain seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1-3'. A 16* butterflies & moths EUCY;
BONAP		 WTCO  
    Flame Acanthus Anisacanthus quadrifidus       BNP, ENF, ENG, LSN,                    7
    Flatstem Spike Rush Eleocharis compressa grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun   full, partial wet, med-wet 2'   4* butterflies & moths ELCO2;
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Florida Paspalum Paspalum floridanum       HAB Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, green, brown     3-6' P 23 butterflies & moths PAFL4;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Flowering Dogwood Cornus florida tree seeds, NPN   HAR, LNP, MBG,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun white, pink, yellow, green Part Shade, Shade Dry, Moist   D 79 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals, fruit, host: azure COFL2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO,   
    Flowering Spurge Euphorbia corollata Spurge seeds (30), division, cuttings PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-3' P 16 butterflies & moths EUCO10;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Foetida Passion Vine Passiflora foetida       BNP,                    
    Four-Nerve Daisy Tetraneuris scaposa       ENF, ENG,                    
    Four-Wing Saltbush Atriplex canescens Saltbush seeds, cuttings, NPN NAS   Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow partial dry 8' E butterflies, birds, bees, mammals, fruit, host: sootywing ATCA2; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Fowl Manna grass Glyceria striata grass seeds (0) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept green full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 3' P   GLST;
BONAP		 WHCO  
    Foxglove Beardtongue, Smooth white Penstemon Penstemon digitalis penstemon seeds (30), cuttings, division PM, NAS MBG Jun, Jul white full, partial med, med-dry 4' SE 14* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees PEDI;
BONAP		 WTCO  
  * Fragrant Mistflower Eupatorium havanese herb - mistflower     BNP, ENF, ENG, LSN, NWR             33 butterflies & moths ;
BONAP		 none 2
    Fragrant Sumac Rhus aromatica Sumac seeds (60), cuttings, NPN PM BNP, NWR Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full, partial, shade med-dry, dry 6' D 55 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, host: hairstreak RHAR4;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Fringe Tree Chionanthus virginicus tree seeds   BNP,  Apr, May, Jun white  partial   15-30' D 10 butterflies & moths, birds, berries, host: sphinx CHVI3; 
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO. WTCO  
    Fringed Brome Bromus ciliatus grass seeds (0), NPN PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial wet, med-wet 4'. P 13 butterflies & moths BRCI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, MACO, 1BUCO  
    Fringed Loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata Loosestrife seeds (60), division PM   Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full, partial, shade med-wet, med 1.5-2' P bees LYCI;
BONAP		 WHCO  
    Frogfruit Phylaincisa Phyla nodiflora groundcover division   ARG, BNP, ENF, ENG, GSW, HAB, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial, shade dry, wet   SE nectar, host: crescentspot, buckeye, peacook butteflies PHNO2;
BONAP		 none ? 9
    Frostweed Verbesina virginica Frostweed seeds, division NAS HAB, NWR Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white  partial, shade   3-6' B, D 21 butterflies & moths, bees VEVI3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 7
    Germander Teucrium canadense herb - germander seeds (60) PM NPS-C May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 3' D butterflies TECA3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Giant Ironweed, Tall Ironweed, Indian Hyssop Vernonia gigantea herb - ironweed seeds (60) JB, PM   Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial, shade med-wet, med 5' P 19 butterflies & moths, bees VEGI;
BONAP		 MQCO  
    Goat's Rue Tephrosia virginiana herb - rue seeds (10) PM   Jun, Jul pink, yellow full, partial, shade med, med-dry, dry 12" P birds TEVI;
BONAP		 CHCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Golden Alexanders Zizia aurea   herb - Alexanders seeds (60), NPN JB, PM   April, May, Jun yellow full med-wet, med, med-dry 3' P butterflies, bees, host: swallowtail ZIAU;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Golden Groundsel Packera obovata       BNP,                     
    Goldenrod Solidago spp       NPS-M                    
    Golden-Wave Tickseed Coreopsis basalis herb - Coreopsis   NAS   Jun, Jul yellow full dry   A 6 butterflies & moths COBA2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Great Bulrush Scirpus validus grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug   full wet, med-wet 6'     SCTA2;
BONAP		 CHCO  
    Great Coneflower, Bog Coneflower Rudbeckia maxima herb - coneflower seeds (0) PM ARG, BNP, GSW, HAR, LNP, MBG, NWR Jun, Jul yellow full, partial med-wet, med 6' E 14* butterflies & moths, bees RUMA3;
BONAP		 MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO 1
    Great Plains Flat Sedge Cyperus lupulinus grass seeds (60) PM   Aug, Sept   full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2" P 9 butterflies & moths CYLU2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, WLCO  
    Great Plains Goldenrod Euthamia gymnospermoides goldenrod seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full med-wet, med, med-dry   P 5 butterflies & moths, bees EUGY;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MGCO, WLCO  
    Green Dragon Arisaema dracontium Dragon seeds (L), division PM   Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun green partial, shade moist 3' P birds, mammals, fruit ARDR3; 
BONAP		    
    Green Milkweed, Green Antelopehorn Milkweed, Spider Milkweed  Asclepias viridis milkweed seeds (30) JB, PM, NAS BNP, HAR, MBG, NPS-C May, Jun green full, partial med-dry, dry, moist 12" P 22* butterflies & moths, bees, insects ASVI2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 10
    Green Sprangletop Leptochloa dubia Sprangletop NPN NAS   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow partial dry 1-3 ft. P butterflies, host: skipper butterflies LEDU;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Gregg's Mistflower Conoclinium greggii       BNP, ENG, LNP, NWR               COGR10;
 		   8
    Grooved Yellow Flax Linum sulcatum Flax seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full med-dry, dry 1-3 ft. A 21* butterflies & moths, bees LISU4;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, WHCO  
    Ground Plum Astragalus crassicarpus Plum seeds (10), NPN PM   May, Jun purple full med-dry, dry 12" P butterflies, host: duskywing ASCR2; 
BONAP		 BUCO, GRCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Gulf Coast / Brazos Penstemon Penstemon tenuis   seeds   BNP, HAB, HAR, LNP, MBG, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H, NWR Mar, Apr, May purple full, partial moist 1 1/2' P hummingbird, bees PETE3;
BONAP		 WHCO 12
    Gulf Cordgrass Spartina spartinae grass     GSW,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green full wet, OBL 6' P   SPSP;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MGCO  
    Gulf / Pink Muhly Muhlenbergia capillaris grass seeds   BNP, ENG, HAB, HAR, LNP, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H Sep, Oct, Nov purple, pink feathery full, partial dry, moist 1.5-3' P   MUCA2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Gulf Vervain Verbena xutha herb     HAB, HAR, MSP, NPS-H  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct blue, purple full, partial dry, moist 3-4' E   VEXU;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Gulf Waterweed Hygrophilia lacustris aquatic     GSW,               ;
BONAP		    
    Hairy Panic grass Panicum acuminatum grass seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept   full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2'.   30 butterflies & moths DIACA;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, 120, MACO, WHCO  
    Hairy Sunflower, Rough Sunflower Helianthus hirsutus herb     HAB, NPS-H Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow, brown       P bees HEHI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Hairy Wood Chess Bromus pubescens grass seeds (30) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug white, green partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 4'. P 13 butterflies & moths BRPU6;
BONAP		 BZCO, MACO, WTCO  
    Halberd Leaf Hisbiscus Hibiscus militaris shrub - aquatic - Hibiscus     GSW,               :
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO  
    Harry Small-Leaf Ticktrefoil Desmodium ciliare herb     HAB Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, purple, violet       P   DECI;
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Havard's Century Plant Agave havardiana       LSN,                     
    Heartleaf Skullcap Scutellaria ovata herb - skullcap seeds (60) PM BNP, HAB, NPS-C, NPS-H Jun, Jul blue partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 2' E hummingbirds SCOV;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO 8
    Helmut Skullcap Scutellaria integifolia herb - skullcap     NPS-H May, Jun, Jul white, pink, blue full wet       SCIN2;
BONAP		 CHCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO  
    Hercules Club, Toothache tree, Lime prickly ash Zanthoxylum clava-herculis tree     BNP, HAR, MBG, NPS-H, NWR Mar, Apr white, yellow full, partial dry 10-25' D host: Giant Swallowtail butterflies, birds ;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO 3
    Hickory Carya aquatica tree seeds     Apr yellow partial wet, OBL 150' D 189 butterflies & moths, host: luna, dagger, regal CAAQ2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Hollow Joe Pye Weed Eutrochium fistulosum Joe Pye seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 7' P butterflies, birds, bees EUFI14;
BONAP		 SJCO  
    Hooded Windmill grass Chloris cucullata grass seeds NAS   Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov   partial moist 1-3' P 3 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals; host: skippers, satyrs CHCU2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO  
    Hooker's Eryngo Eryngium hookeri herb - eryngo   NAS HAB Jul, Aug, Sep purple       A 4 butterflies & moths, bees ERHO9;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO,  WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Hornbeam, Ironwood, Musclewood, blue Beech Carpinus caroliniana tree - understory seeds, NPN   BNP, HAR, NWR Sep, Oct, Nov. Dec red, green, brown partial, shade moist 20-30' D 52 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, host: swallowtail, hairstreak, purple CACA1AUCO; 
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Horseherb Calyptocarpus vialis groundcover division, cuttings   BNP, ENG, HAR, NWR Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov  yellow  full, partial, shade dry, moist 8-10" E, SE butterflies CAVI2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 6
    Horsetail Milkweed Aslepias subverticillata       LSN,                     
    Horsetail Reed Equisetum hymenale aquatic - rush division   BNP, ENG, GSW, HAR,  NPS-H, NPS-M Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec   full, partial wet
FACW		 2-3' E   EQHYA;
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, SJCO, WHCO  
    Hyssop-Leaved Thoroughwort Eupatorium hyssopifolium herb - boneset seeds (60) PM NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial med, med-dry, dry     33 butterflies & moths, birds EUGL7;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Illinois Bundle Flower Desmanthus illinoensis shrub - Bundle seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS NPS-H Jul, Aug white, yellow full med, med-dry, dry 1-3' D butterflies DEIL;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Indian Blanket, Blanket Flower, Firewheel Gaillardia pulchella herb - blanket seeds (60) JB, NAS BNP, HAB, MBG, NPS-C, NPS-H, MSP April, May, Jun white full, partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 1-2' A 6 butterflies & moths, bees GAPU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO 2
    Indian grass "Big Four" Sorghastrum nutans grass seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS BNP, HAB, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H  Aug, Sep yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3-8' P birds, bees, mammals; host: skipper SONU2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Indian Paintbrush Castilleja coccinea Paintbrush seeds (60) PM   May, Jun red full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 2' A 7 butterflies & moths CACO17; 
BONAP		 none  
    Indian Plantain Arnoglossum ovatum       HAB, MBG, NPS-C Aug, Sep, Oct white, green     10' P 1 butterflies & moths AROV; 
BONAP		    
    Inland Rush Juncus Interior grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul green full wet, med-wet 2' P 6 butterflies & moths JUIN2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO,HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Inland Sea Oats Chasmanthium latifolium grass seeds (60), division PM, NAS BNP, GSW, HAR, LSN, NPS-H, NPS-M, MSP Jul, Aug, Sep   partial, shade med-wet, med 3' D 8 butterflies & moths, host: skipper CHLA5; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 2
    Ivyleaf Thoroughwort LSN, Chromolaena ivifolia                            
    Jimson-Weed, Devil's Trumpet Datura wrightii herb - Jimson   NAS BNP May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white full, partial dry 3-6' A host: moth DAWR2; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Jointed Flatsedge Cyperus articulatus aquatic Rush     GSW,  Jun, Jul, Aug   partial wet
OBL		   P   CYAR4; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Judas Bush Iresine rhizomatosa       NPS-M               IRRH;
 		    
    Juncus Juncus Tenuis       BNP,                     
    Kidneywood Eysenhardtia texana shrub seeds, cuttings   BNP, HAR, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full dry   D 2 butterflies & moths; bees, deer, host: dogface EYTE;
BONAP		 CDCO, MQCO 3
    Lanceleaf Coreopsis Coreopsis lanceolata herb - coreopsis seeds (30), division, NPN JB, PM, NAS BNP, ENF, HAR, HAB, MBG, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR May, Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full, partial, shade med-dry, dry 2' E 6 butterflies & moths, bees COLA5; 
BONAP		 CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO 11
    Lanceleaf Water Willow Justicia ovata var. lanceolata herb       May, Jun, July, Aug, Sep lavender full, partial wet, OBL 12-18" P   JULA3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO,HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Lanceleaf Frog Fruit Phyla lanceolata groundcover - Frog Fruit seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep pink full wet, med-wet, OBL 2' P   PHLA3;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO  
    Lanceleaf Blanketflower Gaillardia aestivalis herb seeds   BNP, HAB Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, pink, yellow, purple     1-3'   bees GAAE;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Large yellow Wild Indigo Baptisia sphaerocarpa Indigo seeds (10) PM, NAS HAB, MSP, NPS-C Jun, Jul yellow full med, med-dry, dry 3' P 18 butterflies & moths, bees BASP;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Large-Flowered Beardtongue Penstemon grandiflorus herb - penstemon seeds (30), NPN PM   May, Jun purple full, partial med-dry, dry 2' P 14* butterflies & moths, bees PEGR7;
BONAP		 WTCO 12
    Large-Flowered Gaura Gaura longiflora Gaura seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep pink full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry     8 butterflies & moths OEFI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Late Boneset, Thoroughwort Eupatorium serotinum herb - boneset seeds (60), NPN PM NPS-H Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1-3'. D 33 butterflies & moths, birds, bees EUSE2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Late Goldenrod Solidago gigantea herb - goldenrod seeds (60) PM   Aug, Sep yellow full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 6' P 82 butterflies & moths, bees SOGI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO  
    Leatherflower, Blue Jasmine Clematis crispa vine seeds (60-1FBCO), cuttings     Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, pink, blue, purple full, partial wet up to 10' D birds, butterflies CLCR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, SJCO  
    Leatherwood Cyrilla racemiflora       BNP,                     
    Leavenworth's Sedge Carex leavenworthii grass     HAB, NPS-C May white, green, brown   OBL 2-3' P   CALE6; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Lemon Bacopa, Blue Water Hyssop Bacopa caroliniana aquatic - herb     GSW,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep blue   OBL 3' P   ; 
BONAP		 HECO  
    Lemon Beebalm Monarda citriodora herb - beebalm, mint seeds (0) PM, NAS BNP, HAB, MBG,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink, purple, white  full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-2' A 7 butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees MOCI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO,HRCO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO 7
    Lindheimer's Beebalm Monarda lindheimeri herb - beebalm     HAR, Apr, May, Jun white full dry, moist 3' P 7* butterflies & moths, bees MOLI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Little Bluestem "Big Four" Schizachyrium scoparium grass seeds (0), division PM BNP, ENG, HAB, HAR, NPS-H, NPS-M Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green, blue full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3' P 8 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, bees; host: skippers SCSC;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 1
    Live Oak Quercus virginiana tree     BNP, NWR              
BONAP		    
    Lizard's Tail Saururus cernuus aquatic division, NPN   BNP, GSW, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug white  partial, shade moist, wet 2-4' P birds SACE;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Loblolly PIne Pinus taeda tree seeds, NPN   BNP, NWR All year yellow, brown full, partial dry 60-100'x
12-15'		 E 176 butterflies & moths; mammals, birds, birds; host: elfin PITA;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Locust Robinia tree                   64 butterflies & moths ROHIH; 
BONAP*		    
    Long-Awned Bracted Sedge Carex gravida grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun green, brown full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2'. P . ;
BONAP		 HECO  
    Longbract Wild Indigo Baptisia bracteata Indigo seeds (10) PM HAB,   May, Jun cream full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2' P 18 butterflies & moths, bees ;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Longleaf bluets Houstonia longifolia herb - bluets seeds (0) PM   Jun, Jul white, pink full, partial dry 1-3'. P 1* butterflies & moths HOUST;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO,HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Longleaf Pine         NWR                    
    Longspike Tridens Tridens strictus       HAB, HAR, NPS-M   brown       P   TRST2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Longspur columbine Aquilegia longissima       LSN,                     
    Longtorn Paspalum denticulatum grass     HAB,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov Green, Purple, Brown           PADE24;
BONAP		 CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Lopseed Phryma leptostachya herb - lopseed seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug pink sun, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 2' P   PHLE5;
BONAP		 SJCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Louisiana Canna Canna glauca       NPS-M               CAGL13;
 		    
    Lyreleaf Sage Salvia lyrata Sage seeds (0), division PM BNP, ENG, HAB, HAR, MSP, NPS-H  May, Jun, Jul blue full, partial med-wet, med 1-2' E 13* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds SALY2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Maidencane Panicum hemitomon       GSW Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug green, brown   wet
OBL		 6' P 30 butterflies & moths PAHE2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO  
    Marsh Elder Iva annua Elder   NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow, green     5' A birds IVAN2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Marsh St. John's Wort Hypericum virginicum St. John's Wort seeds PM   Jul, Aug, Sept pink full wet, med-wet     13* butterflies & moths TRVI2;
BONAP		 HECO  
    Maryland Senna, Wild Senna Senna marilandica Senna seeds JB, PM   Jul, Aug yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry   P 14* butterflies & moths, birds, bees SEMA11;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO 10
    Maximilian's Sunflower Helianthus maximiliani herb - sunflower seeds (30), cuttings, NPN PM, NAS BNP, HAB, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 4-6' P 81 butterflies & moths, birds, bees HEMA2;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    May Apple Podophyllum peltatum herb - may apple seeds (90), division PM   May, Jun white partial, shade med, med-dry 12" P 2 butterflies & moths POPE;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
  * Mayhaw Crataegus opaca       BNP, MBG               6    
    Meadow Beauty Rhexia virginica herb - Beauty seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept pink full, partial wet, med-wet 12" P 4 butterflies & moths RHVI;
BONAP		 HECO 3
    Meadow Pink Sabatia campestris herb - Meadow Pink seeds     Apr, May, Jun, Jul pink, white full, partial   to 20" A   SACA3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO,SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Mealy Blue Sage Salvia farinacea herb - sage seeds, cuttings NAS BNP, ENG, HAR, MBG, NWR Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct blue full moist 2-3' P 13* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees SAFA2;
BONAP		 MACO 11
    Mexican Buckeye Ungnadia speciosa tree seeds   BNP, MBG All seasons pink  full, partial dry 10-25' D butterflies, moths, birds, mammals, host: elfin butterfly UNSP;
BONAP		 BUCO, GRCO, HRCO 4
    Mexican Feathergreass Nassella tennuissima       ENG,                   4
    Mexican Hat Ratibida columnifera herb - coneflower seeds (30), NPN NAS, PM, NAS BNP, ENF, HAB, HAR, MBG, NWR May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full   1.5-3' E, SE 1 butterflies & moths, bees, birds, deer RACO3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO,  MQCO, SJCO, WLCO, WHCO 1
    Mexican Plum Prunus mexicana tree seeds (60-90), cuttings   BNP, HAR, MBG, NPS-H Spring white full, partial   10-20' D 270 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals, fruit; host: swallowtail PRME;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, GRCO,HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Mexican Water Primrose Ludwigia octovalvus aquatic - shrub     GSW, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct Yellow Sun, Part Shade wet, OBL 3-6' D butterflies, moths, nectar LUOCO;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, 129  
    Missouri Goldenrod Solidago missouriensis Goldenrod seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full med-dry, dry 2'   82 butterflies & moths, bees SOMI2;
BONAP		 AUCO, HRCO, WLCO, SJCO  
    Missouri Ironweed Vernonia missurica herb - ironweed     HAB, HAR, MBG, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H, NPS-M Summer- fall purple  full, partial   2-5'' P? A? bees VEMI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO 4
    Muscadine Grape Vitus rotundifolia vine       Sep, Oct purple  partial, shade 72-100'   D 78 butterflies & moths, fruit ;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Narrow-Leaved Coneflower Echinacea angustifolia herb- coneflower seeds (90), NPN PM, NAS   May, Jun, Jul pink full med-dry, dry 2'   1* butterflies & moths, bees ;
BONAP		    
    Narrow-Leaved Obedient Plant, False Dragon Head Physostegia angustifolia herb - obedient seeds (60) PM NPS-M Jun, Jul pink full, partial wet, med-wet, med 5'     PHAN6;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO  
    Narrowleaf Silkgrass Pityopsis graminifolia grass seeds, division   HAR, NPS-C Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow partial med   SE butterflies PIGR4;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO,HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO 2
    New Jersey Tea Ceanothus americanus shrub - tea seeds (60), cuttings PM   Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial med, med-dry, dry   D butterflies, birds, bees, turkey, quail; host: azure, duskywing CEAM; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, MGCO, WTCO 10
    Nimblewill Muhlenbergia schreberi grass     NPS-M               MUSC    
    Nodding Fescue Festuca subverticillata grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul   partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 2' P   FESU3;
BONAP		 BUCO  
    Northern Catalpa Catalpa speciosa catalpa seeds, cuttings     Apr, May, Jun white partial moist 100' D 11 butterflies & moths, bees CASPAUCO; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Nutall's Rayless Goldenrod Bigelowia nutalli       LSN,                     
    Ohio Spiderwort Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort seeds (120), division, NPN PM GSW May, Jun, Jul blue full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry FAC 1-3' P 5 butterflies & moths, bees TROH;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, MACO, TNCO, WHCO  
    Old Field / Prairie Goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Goldenrod seeds (60) PM, NAS   Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-dry, dry 2' D 82 butterflies & moths, bees, birds SONE;
BONAP		 SJCO  
    Orange Coneflower Rudbeckia fulgida herb - coneflower seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept orange full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 3' P 14* butterflies & moths, bees RUFU2;
BONAP		 SJCO, WTCO 12
    Osage Orange, Bois d'Arc Maclura pomifera tree     BNP Apr, May, Jun green full, partial dry 20-40' D birds MAPO;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Pale Dock Rumex altissimus grass seeds (0) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug   full, partial med-wet, med 3'     RUAL4;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, MGCO, WHCO  
    Pale purple Coneflower Echinacea pallida herb - coneflower seeds (90), division, NPN PM   Jun, Jul pink full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2-4' SE 1* butterflies & moths, bees ECSA;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Pale Spiked Lobelia Lobelia spicata Lobelia seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1-3'   4* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds LOSP;
BONAP		 HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Paloverde, Jerusalem Thorn, Retama Parkinsonia aculeata       BNP, NPS-M               PAAC3;    
    Panicled False Indigo Amorpha paniculata       NPS-M                    
    Panicled Tick Trefoil Desmodium paniculatum herb - trefoil seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept pink partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry, dry   P birds DEPA6;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Parlin's Pussytoes Antennaria parlinii Pussytoes seeds (60) PM   April. May, Jun white full, partial med, med-dry, dry 12" P 3 butterflies & moths ANPA9; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HECO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Parsley Hawthorn Crataegus marshallii tree seeds   BNP, HAR, NPS-H, NWR spring & winter white full, partial   10-25'x12-15'W D 105 butterflies & moths, berries for birds; bees, mammals; leaves look like parsley CRMA5; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 6
    Partridge Pea Chamaecrista fasciculata Pea seeds (10) PM, NAS HAR, LSN,  Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-3' A 14 butterflies & moths, bees, birds; host: sulphur CHFA2; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO,HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Path Rush Juncus tenuis grass seeds (60), NPN PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept . full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 1'. P 6* butterflies & moths JUTE;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Pawpaw Asimina parviflora tree - shrub- understory seeds, cuttings     Apr, May purple partial   10' D 12 host: zebra swallowtail, pawpaw sphinx, tussock moth ASPA1AUCO; 
BONAP		 CHCO, MQCO, SJCO  
  * Pawpaw Asimina triloba tree - understory seeds   BNP, HAR, LNP, MBG, MGM Apr, May white, red, yellow, purple     40' D 12 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals; host zebra swallowtail, pawpaw shpinx ASTR; 
BONAP		 CHCO 6
    Pecan Carya illinoinensis tree seeds, NPN   BNP, HAR, MGM Mar, Apr, May yellow full   50-100' D 189 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals host: hairstreak CAIL2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, MACO, WHCO  
    Persimmon Diospyros virginiana tree - shrub - understory seeds, cuttings, NPN   BNP, HAR Apr, May, Jun yellow, green partial, dry     D 48 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals; host: luna moth DIVI5;
BONAP		 BZCO,25, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata aquatic - pickerelweed seeds (60) PM GSW, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug purple full, partial wet, OBL 3' P 6 butterflies & moths; birds, waterfowl, dragonflies POCO14;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
  * Pigeonberry Rivina humilis Pigeonberry seeds, cuttings NAS BNP, HAR, MBG, NWR Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink, white full, partial moist 1-1.5' SE birds, fruit RIHU2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, WHCO 11
    Pincushion Daisy Gaillardia suavis Daisy seeds NAS   Mar, Apr, May red, brown partial dry 1-2' P 6* butterflies & moths, bees GASU;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO  
    Pineland Milkweed Asclepias obovata Milkweed       May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep orange, yellow, green partial, shade dry, moist   P butterflies, bees, host: Monarch ASOB; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO  
    Pinewoods/ Blackseed Fingergrass Eustachy petraea grass     HAB   yellow, green, brown     1.5' P   EUPE9;
BONAP		 none  
    Pineywoods Dropseed Sporobolus junceus grass     NPS-M                   1
    Pinkweed Persicaria pensylvanica pinkweed seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink partial wet, med-wet, med 4'     POPE2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO,,HRCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Plains Coreopsis, Goldenwave,  Coreopsis tinctoria herb-coreopsis seeds, division NAS BNP, HAB, MBG Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec red, yellow, brown full, partial moist 1-2' A 6* butterflies & moths, bees, birds COTI3; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO  
    Plains Lovegrass Eragrostis intermedia grass seed   HAB May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink, purple partial dry   P bees ERIN;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Plains Oval Sedge Carex brevior grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul white, green, brown full, partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry, dry
OBL		 1.5'. P . CABR10; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Pleatleaf Iris Alophia drummondii herb     NPS-C Mar, Apr, May blue partial dry 2' P   ; 
BONAP		 BONAP; USDA  
    Possumhaw Holly Ilex decidua shrub - tree - understory seeds (30-60)   BNP, HAR, MBG Mar, Apr, May red berries on female full, partial   12-15' D 42 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, songbirds, fruit ILDE;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Powdery Thalia, Alligator flag Thalia dealbata aquatic     GSW, NPS-H May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple         butterflies: skipper THDE;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WLCO  
    Prairie / Canada Wild Rye Elymus canadensis grass seeds (0-14), division, NPN PM, NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow, green, brown full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 5' D 2 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, seeds, host: skipper ELCA4;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Prairie Blazing Star, Gayfeather Blazing Star Liatris pycnostachya Blazing Star seeds (60), NPN PM, NAS BNP, ENF, HAB, NPS-C, NPS-H, MSP, NWR Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial wet, med-wet, med 1-5' P 6* butterflies & moths, bees LIPY;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO 11
    Prairie Blue-Eyed grass Sisyrinchium campestre grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun blue full, partial med-dry, dry 6" P   SICA9;
BONAP		 HRCO, WTCO 3
    Prairie Broomweed Amphiachyris dracunculoides       LSN,                     
    Prairie Flame Leaf Sumac Rhus lancelota tree seeds, cuttings, division   BNP, HAR Jul, Aug white, yellow, green dry     D 55 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, fruit, host: hairstreak RHLA3;
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Prairie False Foxglove Scrophulariaceae       LSN,                     
    Prairie Gerardia Agalinis heterophylla Foxglove .     Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink full, partial dry, moist 1-3' A 4 butterflies & moths USDA;
BONAP		    
    Prairie Indian Plantain Arnoglossum plantagineum Plantain seeds (60), NPN PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug white full med-wet, med 4' P 1 butterflies & moths, insects ARPL4; 
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Prairie Nymph Herbertia lahue herb - nymph seeds BNP, NAS BNP, MBG Mar, Apr, May blue, purple partial dry 2" P bees HELA6;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Prairie Onion Allium stellatum herb - onion seed (60), bulb division PM   Jul, Aug purple full, partial med, med-dry, dry 14" P butterflies ALST; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Prairie Paintbrush Castilleja purpurea Paintbrush seeds NAS   Apr, May, Jun red, pink, orange, yellow, purple full dry   D 7* butterflies & moths CAPU11; 
BONAP		 MACO  
    Prairie Parsley Polytaenia nuttallii herb - parsley seeds (120) PM, NAS   Jun yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 1-2'   butterflies, host: swallowtail PONU4;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Prairie Phlox Phlox pilosa Phlox seeds (60), cuttings PM, NAS   May, Jun, Jul pink full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 2' P 7 butterflies & moths, bees PHPI;
BONAP		 CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Prairie Ragwort Packera plattensis herb - ragwort seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry     1 butterflies & moths PAPL12;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO  
    Prairie Sage Artemisia ludoviciana subshrub - Sage seeds (30), division, NPN PM   Jul, Aug, Sept green full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3' SE 26 butterflies & moths, bees ARLU; 
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, MQCO  
    Prairie Verbena Glandularia bipinnatifida       ENG,                     
    Prairie Spiderwort Tradescantia occidentalis herb-spiderwort seeds (120) PM, NAS HAB, ENG, NPS-C, NPS-H May, Jun, Jul blue full med, med-dry, dry 1' P 5 butterflies & moths, bees TROC;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO  
    Prairie Wedgegrass Sphenopholis obtusata grass seeds (0) PM NPS-C Jun, Jul, Aug green full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 3' A   SPOB;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO,TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Prairie Willow Salix humilis shrub - tree seeds, cuttings PM   April, May white, yellow, green, purple, brown full, partial med, med-dry, dry up to 8' D 229 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, bees; host: comma SALIX;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Prickly Poppy Argemone polyanthemos herb - poppy seeds PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 3' A butterflies, bees, beetles ARPO2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, MACO, WHCO  
    Purple Coneflower Echinacea purpurea herb- coneflower seeds (0) JB, PM, NAS BNP, ENF, ENG, HAR, LNP, MBG, NPS-C, NWR Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 2-5' P 1* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees ECPU;
BONAP		 none 1
    Purple False Foxglove Agalinis purpurea       NPS-M               AGPU5    
    Purple Leather Flower Clematis pitcheri Vine seed, cuttings NAS LSN,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial moist   D 14 butterflies & moths, birds CLPI; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Purple Locoweed Oxytropis lambertii herb locoweed seeds (0), NPN PM   April, May, Jun purple full med-dry, dry   P   OXLA3;
BONAP		 WHCO  
    Purple Lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis grass seeds (0), division PM   Jul, Aug red, purple  full, partial dry 8"-18" D 2 butterflies & moths ERSP;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO 4
    Purple Meadow Rue Thalictrum dasycarpum aquatic - Rue seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul cream full, partial med-wet, med 6' P 3 butterflies & moths THDA;
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, MGCO  
    Purple Milkweed Vine Matelea biflora vine - Milkweed vine   NAS BNP Mar, Apr, May, Jun purple, brown full, partial dry 2-3' P 1 butterfly & moth ;
BONAP		 none  
    Purple Nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium herb - nightshade seeds NAS   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white, purple full dry   D   SOEL;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WLCO  
    Purple Passion Vine, Maypop Passiflora incarnata vine seeds (60), cucttings JB, PM BNP, ENG, HAB, LNP, MBG, NPS-C Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 25' D 14 butterflies & moths; birds, fruit, host: fritillary,  longwing, hairstreak+ PAIN6;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, MACO, MGCO, WLCO 10
    Purple-Headed Sneezeweed Helenium flexuosum Sneezeweed seeds (0) PM NPS-C Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full, partial wet, med-wet, med   P 6 butterflies & moths, bees HEFL;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO  
  * Purple Skullcap Scutellaria wrightii       BNP,          6-10" E       2
    Purpletop Tridens flavus grass seeds (60), NPN PM, NAS HAB, MSP, NPS-H Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial med-dry, dry 4' P butterflies, host: skipper, skipper, nymph TRFL2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Rain Lily Cooperia pedunculata herb - lily seeds, division NAS NWR Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug white full moist <1' P 2 butterflies & moths COPE; 
BONAP		 BZCO, MQCO, WHCO  
    Rattlebox Crotalaria sagittalis herb -Rattlebox seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full med-dry, dry 16" A, P 10 butterflies & moths CRSA4; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Rattlebush Sesbania drummondii       NPS-M                    
    Rattlesnake Master Eryngium yuccifolium aquatic - herb seeds (60), NPN PM, NAS BNP, HAB, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H Jul, Aug, Sept white full med-wet, med, med-dry 3-6' E 4* butterflies & moths, bees ERYU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Red Bay Persea borbonia tree seeds   BNP, MBG, NWR May, Jun Yellow full, partial moist 12-40' E birds, fruit, host: swallowtail PEBO;
BONAP		 HRCO, SJCO, WLCO 3
    Red Lovegrass Eragrostis secundiflora grass     HAB,  Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov green, purple, brown     30" P   ERSE;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Red Milkweed Asclepias rubra milkweed       May, Jun, Jul, Aug red, pink, purple full, partial moist, wet   P butterflies, bees; host; monarch ASRU; 
BONAP		 HECO  
    Red Mulberry Morus rubra tree - understory     BNP Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug white, red, green, brown full, partial, shade dry, moist 35-40' D butterflies, fruit, host: mourning cloak MORU2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Redring Milkweed Asclepias variegata milkweed       May, Jun, Jul white, purple full, partial dry   P bees ; 
BONAP		 SJCO, WTCO  
    Rice Cut Grass Leersia oryzoides grass seeds (30) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green full, partial wet, med-wet 4'.   butterflies, birds; host: skipper LEOR;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Rio Grande Butterflybush Buddleja sessiliflora       LSN,                     
    River Birch Betula nigrad tree seeds(30-60), cuttings   BNP, NWR Feb, Mar green, brown full, partial moist 30-50' D birds, mammals, seeds BENI;
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Robin's Plantain Erigeron pulchellus herb - plantain seeds (60), division PM   May, Jun white full, partial med-dry, dry 1-3' P 18* butterflies & moths ERPHP;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Rock Rose Pavonia lasiopetala       ENF, ENG,                    
    Rose Mallow, Halberdleaf  Hibiscus laevis shrub - mallow seeds (60) PM BNP, HAR Jul, Aug, Sept pink or white full, partial wet, med-wet 5-6' D 38 butterflies & moths HILA2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO 10
    Rosinweed Silphium radula herb     HAB, MBG, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full     P butterflies, bees SIRA2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Rosy Camphorweed Pluchea rosea herb     HAB Jun, Jul red, pink, purple       P   PLRO;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO  
    Rough Coneflower Rudbeckia grandiflora grass     HAB, HAR, NPS-C, NPS-H           P 14* butterflies & moths, bees RUGR;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Rough Dropseed, Tall Dropseed Sporobolus compositus grass seeds (0) PM, NAS   Aug, Sep, Oct   full med, med-dry, dry 3'   3* butterflies & moths, bees SPCO16;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO,WHCO, WHCO  
    Roughleaf Dogwood Cornus drummondii tree seeds, cuttings, NPN   BNP, HAB, HAR, MBG, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR Apr, May, Jun, Jul white partial, shade dry, moist 20' x6-15'W D 79 butterflies & moths, berries eaten by 40 species of birds; bees, fruit CODR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 7
    Royal Fern Osmunda regalis host division, NPN     Feb-Dec green partial, shade moist, wet 3-6' D   OSRE;
BONAP		 CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Rue Anemone Thalictrum thalictroides herb - anemone seeds (90), division PM   April, May, Jun pink partial, shade med, med-dry 6" P . THTH2;
BONAP		    
    Rufous Bulrush Scirpus pendulus grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul red full, partial wet, med-wet, med 4' P   SCPE4;
BONAP		 GRCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Rusty Blackhaw Viburnum  Viburnum rufidulum tree - understory seeds, cuttings   BNP Spring and Fall white full, partial   12-40' D 67 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals, fruit VIRU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Sallow Sedge Carex lurida grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug white, green, brown full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 3'. P birds CALU5;
BONAP		 AUCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Salt Marsh Mallow Kosteletzkya virginica shrub - aquatic, hibiscus seeds, cuttings   BNP, GSW, MSP, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct   full, partial moist,
OBL		 3-5' D butterflies, hummingbirds KOVI;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO  
    Salt Meadow Cordgrass Spartina patens grass     BNP, GSW Apr, May yellow wet FACW 1-3' P birds SPPA;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, MGCO  
    Sampson's Snakeroot Orbexilum pedunculatum Snakeroot seeds (10) PM BNP May, Jun, Jul purple full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-3' P   ORPE;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO  
    Sand Bracted Sedge Carex muehlenbergii grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul white, green full, partial dry 2' P . CAMU4; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HECO, TNCO, WHCO  
    Sand Dropseed Sporobolus cryptandrus grass seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full med, med-dry, dry 3' P 3* butterflies & moths, bees SPCR; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, MACO, WHCO  
    Sand Love grass Eragrostis trichodes grass seeds (0) PM, NAS   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full med-dry, dry 3' P 2* butterflies & moths ERTR3;
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO  
    Sanguine Purple Coneflower Echinacea sanguinea herb - coneflower     HAR, NPS-H Apr, Jun, Jul rose-pink full, partial moist 3' P bees ECSA;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Sassafras Sassafras albidum tree  seeds, cuttings, NPN   ARG, BNP, HAR, NWR Mar, Apr, May yellow, green, brown full, partial, shade moist 15-20' D 25 butterflies, moths; birds, fruit, host: swallowtail SAAL5;
BONAP		 HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Savannah Panic Phanopyrum gymnocarpon grass     GSW Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec Green, Brown   wet, OBL 4' P   PHGY2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO,  
    Sawtooth sunflower Helianthus grosseserratus herb - sunflower seeds (30) PM NPS-M Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry     81 butterflies & moths, birds, songbirds, rodents, bees, seeds, host: checkerspot HEGR4;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Scaly Blazing Star Liatris squarrosa herb - Blazing Star seeds (60), NPN PM LSN,    Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial med-dry, dry 1-3' P 6 butterflies & moths, bees LISQ;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Scarlet Buckeye, Red Buckeye, Firecracker Plant Aesculus pavia tree - shrub cuttings, seeds   BNP, HAB, HAR, LSN, MBG, MSP, NPS-H  Mar, Apr, May red partial Dry, Moist 10-20' D butterflies, hummingbirds, bees, nuts AEPAP; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HECO, MGCO, WHCO 11
    Scarlet Gaura Gaura coccinea Gaura seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink full med-dry, dry     8* butterflies & moths ;
BONAP		 none  
    Scarlet Toothcup Ammannia coccinea herb - toothcup seeds (0) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov pink, purple partial wet, med-wet 2' A   AMCO; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Seaside Goldenrod Solidago sempervirens herb- goldenrod NPN   HAB, MSP, NPS-H Aug-Oct yellow  full moist 2-8' P 82 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SOSE;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO HRCO, MGCO  
    Seedbox Ludwigia alternifolia herb-seedbox seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep yellow full med-wet
OBL		   P 9 butterflies & moths LUAL2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MGCO  
    Seep Muhly Muhlenbergia reverchonii grass     NPS-M                    
    Selfheal Prunella vulgaris herb- selfheal     HAR, NPS-H, MSP May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, purple full, partial Moist 20" P butterflies, bees; host sulphur PRVU;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Serviceberry Amelanchier arborea                            
    Sessile-Leaf Tick Trefoil Desmodium sessilifolium herb - trefoil seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial med-dry, dry   P   DESE;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, MACO, MQCO, 23AUCO  
    Sharp Blazing Star, Gayfeather Liatris acidota herb - Blazing Star     HAB, MSP, NPS-C, NPS-H Jul-Sep purple  full moist 2-3' D 6* butterflies & moths, bees ;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO,  
    Shining Bur Sedge Carex intumescens grass seeds (60) PM   Apr, May, Jun, Jul white, green, brown full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 2'. P . CAIN12; 
BONAP		 HRCO, SJCO, 2AUCOAUCO, WHCO  
    Shining Sumac, Winged Sumac, Flameleaf Sumac Rhus copallinum shrub - tree seed, cuttings     Jul, Aug yellow, green full, partial Dry 10-20' D 55 butterflies & moths, birds, bees RHCO;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Shoreline Sedge Carex hyalinolepis grass seeds   GSW Apr, May, Jun, Jul green partial, shade moist, wet, OBL 1-4' P   CAHY3; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, MACO  
    Showy Beardtongue /
Prairie Penstemon		 Penstemon cobaea herb - penstemon seeds (30) PM   May, Jun, Jul purple full, partial med-dry, dry 2' P 14* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees; host: checkerspot PECO4;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, MQCO, WHCO 9
    Showy Evening Primrose Oenothera speciosa herb seeds, division, cuttings NAS BNP, HAR Mar-July pink-white  full, partial dry, moist 1-2' SE 22 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals,bees OESP2;
BONAP		 BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Showy Goldenrod Solidago speciosa herb - goldenrod seeds (60) JB, PM HAB,  Sep, Oct, Nov yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3-6'   82 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SOSP2;
BONAP		   12
    Showy Sunflower Helianthus pauciflorus herb - sunflower seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial med-dry, dry 1-3'   81 butterflies & moths, bees HEPA19;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Showy Tick Trefoil Desmodium canadense herb - trefoil seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 3-6' P butterflies, bees, hummingbirds; host: skipper, hoary edge+ DECA7;
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Shumard Red Oak Quercus shumardii tree seeds   BNP, MBG Mar, Apr, May white, green full, partial Dry, Moist 50-90' D 468 butterflies & moths; birds, mammals, fruit, host: duskywing QUSH;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, HRCO, WTCO  
    Sideoats Grama Bouteloua curtipendula grass seeds (0), division, NPN PM, NAS BNP, HAB Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov red, orange, yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2' P butterflies, bees, birds, host: skipper BOCU; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, SJCO, WTCO,  WHCO, WHCO 7
    Silky Aster Symphyotrichum sericeum herb - aster seeds (60) PM   Sep, Oct purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 12" P 7* butterflies, insects, host: crescent SYSE2;
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO  
    Silky Prairie Clover Dalea villosa subshrub, clover seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug white, pink, purple full, partial dry 2" P 3 butterflies & moths, bees DAVI; 
BONAP		 BZCO, 100, MQCO  
    Silver Bluestem Bothriochloa laguroides grass     LSN, NPS-H May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white       P   BOLA2; 
BONAP		 BONAP; USDA 1
    Silveus' Dropseed Sporobolus silveanus grass     HAB           P   SPSI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO  
    Skeleton Leaf Goldeneye Viguiera stenoloba       ENG,                   8
    Sky Blue Aster Symphyotrichum oolentangiense herb - aster seeds (0), cuttings PM   Aug, Sep, Oct blue full, partial, shade med, med-dry, dry 3' P 7* butterflies & moths, bees SYOO;
BONAP		 HRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Sleepy Daisy Xanthisma texanum herb - daisy seeds NAS   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec yellow partial   3' A   XATE;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WHCO  
    Slender Grama Bouteloua repens grass     LSN, NPS-M                    
    Slender Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium herb - mountain mint seeds (0), division, cuttings PM, NAS HAB, NPS-H Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 2' P 3* butterflies & moths, birds, bees, seeds PYTE;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, WTCO  
    Slender Rosinweed Silphium gracile herb - rosinweed     NPS-C Jun, Jul, Aug yellow full, partial dry, moist   D 2* butterflies & moths SIGR4;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, 120, SJCO, WTCO  
    Slender Sedge Carex leptalea grass seeds (60) PM   Apr, May, Jun, Jul white, green, brown full, partial, shade wet, med-wet 2'. P . ; 
BONAP		 SJCO, WTCO  
    Slender Woodoats Chasmanthium laxum grass     HAB, LSN, NPS-C Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec green, brown     5'     CHLA6; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO 1
    Slim Milkweed Asclepias linearis Milkweed     HAB, MSP May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, green     20"   22 butterflies & moths, bees ASLI; 
BONAP		 CHCO  
    Slimleaft Milkweed, Narrowleaft Milkweed Asclepias stenophylla Milkweed seeds     Jun, Jul, Aug white, yellow, green full dry 40"   butterflies, bees, host: monarch ASST; 
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Small Skullcap Scutellaria leonardii Skullcap seeds (60) PM   May, Jun purple full, partial med-dry, dry 4"     SCPAM;
BONAP		 WTCO, 23AUCO  
    Small Wild Bean Strophostyles leiosperma vine  seeds (30) PM   Aug, Sept pink full med, med-dry, dry 6' A 5 butterflies & moths STLE6; 
BONAP		 BZCO,  GRCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Small-Flower Fame Flower Talinum parviflorum Fame seeds PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug pink full dry 9"     PHPA29; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Smallhead Doll's Daisy Boltonia diffusa       LSN,                     
    Smallspike False Nettle Boehmeria cylindrica herb - nettle seeds JB, PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial, shade med-wet, med   P host: radmiral, comma BOCY;
BONAP		 CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO  
    Smooth Alder Alnus serrulata       LSN,                     
    Smooth Hedgenettle Stachys tenuifolia herb - hedgenettle seeds PM   Jun, Jul, Aug pink, white partial med-wet, med 3' P   STTE; 
BONAP		 HRCO, MGCO  
    Smooth Wild Petunia Ruellia strepens herb - petunia seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial, shade med-wet, med 3'   6 butterflies & moths RUST2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO FBCO, HRCO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO 10
    Smooth Yellow Violet Viola pubescens herb - violet seeds (60) PM   April, May, Jun orange, yellow partial med-wet, med 6" P 20* butterflies & moths VIPU3;
BONAP		 none  
    Snake Herb Dyschoriste linearis       BNP, ENG, NPS-M, NWR               DYLI;
 		    
    Soapberry Sapindus saponaria tree seeds, cuttings     May, Jun white full, partial   50' D 9 butterflies & moths, birds, host: hairstreak SASAD; 
BONAP		 BUCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, WLCO  
    Soapweed Yucca glauca shrub seeds, cuttings, NPN PM BNP,  May, Jun white full med, med-dry, dry 3' E butterflies, bees, host: moth YUGL;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Soft Green Eyes Berlandiera pumila       LSN,                     
    Soft Golden Aster Chrysopsis pilosa       LSN,                     
    Southern Dewberry, Rubus trivialis herb     HAR, Mar, Apr white full, partial dry moist 2' P 100 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals, fruit RUTR;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO, WHCO  
    Southern Blue Flag Iris virginica aquatic Iris seeds (120) PM GSW, NPS-H May, Jun, Jul purple full, partial wet, OBL 1-3' P   IRVIS;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO  
    Southern Crab Apple Malus angustifolia tree cuttings     Feb, Mar, Apr, May pink partial moist 30' D 190 butterflies & moths, bees MAAN3;
BONAP		 MQCO  
    Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora       BNP               MAGR4;
 		    
    Speargrass Piptochaetium avenaceum grass       Apr, May, Jun white, green         1 butterfly & moth PIAV;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Spicebush Lindera benzoin shrub seeds, NPN   ARG, BNP, HAR, MBG, NPS-H, NWR Mar, Apr, May white, yellow, green full, partial, shade dry, moist, wet 15' D butterflies, birds, host: swallowtail LIBE3;
BONAP		 none  
    Spider Lily Hymenocallis liriosme aquatic - Lily     BNP, GSW, HAB, MSP, NPS-H  Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jul, Aug, Sep white  partial   1-2', D 1 butterfly & moth, birds HYLI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Spider Milkweed Asclepias asperula milkweed     BNP                    
    Spike Rush Eleocharis acicularis grass seeds (60) PM   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep   full wet, med-wet, OBL 8" A, P 4* butterflies & moths ELAC;
BONAP		    
    Splitbeard bluestem Andropogon ternarius grass seeds, division   HAB, NPS-C Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov brown full, partial dry 1.5-4' P 22 butterflies & moths, birds, bees, mammals, seeds ANTE2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Spotted Bee Balm Monarda punctata Bee Balm seeds (0) PM, NAS HAB Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug purple full, partial med-dry, dry 1-3' D 7* butterflies & moths, bees MOPU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO. WTCO, WHCO 8
    Spring Beauty Claytonia virginica herb seeds PM   Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May pink partial wet, med-wet, med     bees CLVI3; 
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, GRCO, HECO, MGCO, WHCO  
    Spring Obedient Plant Physostegia intermedia       NWR               PHINAUCO;   9
    Square Stem Spikerush Eleocharis quadrangulata aquatic - rush     GSW Jan, Feb, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec   full wet
OBL		 1-3'     ELQU;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    St. Andrew's Cross Hypericum hypericoides subshrub seeds     Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept yellow full, partial dry 1-3' P 13* butterflies & moths,  HYHY;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Standing Cypress Ipomopsis rubra herb - cypress seeds NAS BNP, ENG, HAR, MBG,  May, Jun, Jul red, orange, yellow full, partial dry 3-6' B hummingbirds IPRU2;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, MACO, WHCO 11
    Stiff Goldenrod Oligoneuron rigidum herb - goldenrod seeds (60), division; NPN PM, NAS   Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry     bees OLRI;
BONAP		 FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, WTCO  
    Stout Blue-Eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium grass seeds (60); NPN PM HAR, MBG,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul blue full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 1-1.5' E butterflies, bees, turkeys, birds SIAN3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO 13
    Strawberry Bush  Euonymus americanus shrub cuttings   BNP, HAR, NPS-C Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug green, purple partial, shade moist to 6' D 12 butterflies & moths, fruit EUAM9;
BONAP		 MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
  * Sugar Hackberry Celtis laevigata tree seeds   NWR Feb, Mar, Apr green full, partial dry 30-50' D butterflies, birds, host: hackberry emperor CELA; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WHCO 2
    Sugarcane Plume Grass Saccharum giganteum grass seeds, division; NPN   GSW, HAB, HAR Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov red, green, brown full moist, wet 10' P   SAGI;
BONAP		 HRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Supplejack Berchemia scandens vine       Apr, May, Jun green Part shade, shade moist,   D 1 butterfly & moth, fruit BESC; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Swamp Chestnut Oak, Basket Oak, Cow Oak  Quercus michauxii tree seeds   BNP, HAR, NWR, MGM Mar, Apr, May yellow full, partial moist 60-80'x30-50' D 468 butterflies & moths, birds, fruit, mammals; host: duskywing, hairstreak QUMI;
BONAP		 MQCO, SJCO  
    Swamp Marigold, Beggarticks, Tickseed sunflower Bidens aristosa herb - marigold seeds (60); NPN PM HAB, NPS-H Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial wet, med-wet 4' A bees ;
BONAP		 AUCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Swamp Smartweed Persicaria hydropiperoides aquatic     GSW, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov white, pink, green full   3'     POHY2; 
BONAP		    
    Swamp Sunflower Helianthus angustifolius aquatic - sunflower seeds (30) PM, NAS BNP, HAB, MBG, NC, NPS-H, NWR Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial wet, med-wet, med 1-3' P 81 butterflies & moths, birds, bees HEAN2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Swamp Thistle Cirsium muticum herb - thistle seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial wet, med-wet, OBL   B moths, bees; host: metalmark CIRSI; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Sweet Everlasting Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium herb - everlasting seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept white full med-dry, dry 2' A 4 butterflies & moths PSOB3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO,  MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana tree seeds; NPN   BNP, HAR, Apr, May, Jun, Jul white full, partial   10-20' SE 19 butterflies & moths, birds, beetles, host: silkmoth MAVI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO  
    Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua tree seeds, cuttings; NPN   BNP, NWR Mar, Apr, May white, green full, partial moist 50-60' D 36 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals LIST2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Sweetleaf Symplocos tinctoria tree       Feb, Mar, Apr, May yellow Part shade wet 45' SE 3 butterflies, birds, insects, host: hairstreak SYTI; 
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO  
    Sweetscent Pluchea odorata subshrub     MSP, NPS-H Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct pink, purple full, partial, shade moist 1-3' A   PLOD;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO,HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Switchgrass "Big Four" Panicum virgatum grass seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS BNP, GSW, HAB, NPS-H Jul, Aug, Sept green, brown full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 4'. P 30 butterflies & moths, birds; host: skipper PAVI2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, WHCO 3
    Tall Boneset Eupatorium altissimum herb - boneset seeds (60) PM   Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 5' P 33 butterflies & moths, bees EUAL3;
BONAP		 none  
    Tall Coreopsis Coreopsis tripteris herb - coreopsis seeds (60), division PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 9' P 6* butterflies & moths, birds, bees COTR4; 
BONAP		 HECO 12
    Tall Goldenrod Solidago altissima herb - goldenrod seeds, division   BNP, HAR, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow full, partial moist 3-6' P 82 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SOAL6; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 9
    Tall Thimbleweed Anemone virginiana       LSN,                     
    Tall Thistle Cirsium altissimum herb - thistle seeds (30) JB, PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial dry, moist     birds CIAL2; 
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Texas Bluebells Eustoma exaltatum bluebells seeds NAS NC, NPS-M Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep blue full moist 1-3'. A, P, B 2 butterflies & moths EUEXR;
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Texas Coneflower Rudbeckia texana coneflower r   HAB, HAR, MBG, NC, NPS-H May, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow, green full moist, wet 4-5' E 14* butterflies & moths, songbirds, birds, seeds RUTE4;
BONAP		 CHCO, HRCO, SJCO  
    Texas Grama Bouteloua rigidiseta grass seeds NAS HAB, NC,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow, green, brown full dry <16" P butterflies, birds; host: skppers, satyrs BORI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, GRCO, MGCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Texas Greeneyes Berlandiera betonicfolia / texana       ENF, LSN,                     
    Texas Ironweed Veronia texana       NPS-M                    
    Texas Spiderwort Tradescantia humilis                           6
    Texas Lantana Lantana urticoides shrub, lantana seeds   BNP, ENG, HAR, LNP, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct red, orange, yellow full, partial dry 5-6' D 17 butterflies & moths, birds, fruit,  host: sphinx LAUR2;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, WLCO, WHCO 8
    Texas Milkweed Asclepia texana       LSN,                     
    Texas Mountain Laurel Sophora secundiflora tree - shrub seeds   BNP, HAR, LNP, NWR Feb, Mar, Apr blue, purple full, partial dry, moist   E butterflies, fruit SOSE3;
BONAP		 WHCO  
    Texas Olive Cordia boissieri       ENG,           E        
    Texas Palm Sabal mexicana       NPS-M               SAMEAUCO;
 		    
    Texas Persimmon Diospyros texana tree seeds   BNP, MBG Feb, Mar, Apr white, green full, partial dry 10-15' SE 48 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, fruit; host: hairstreak, elfin DITE3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO 6
    Texas Prairie Parsley Polytaenia texana herb - parsley     MBG Apr, May, Jun yellow, green full dry 2-4' B butterflies; host: swallowtail POTE3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO 4
    Texas Primrose (Sundrops) Calylophus berlandieri       ENG,                CABE6;   8
  * Texas Sedge Carex texensis       BNP,                    2
    Texas Spiderlily Hymenocallis liriosme lily     NPS-M Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jul, Aug, Sep White       D birds, nectar HYLI;
 		    
                                   
    Texas Star Hibiscus Hibiscus coccineus       BNP, MBG                   6
    Texas Sage         BNP, ENF,                     
    Texas Thistle Cirsium texanum Thistle   NAS   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug white, pink, purple full dry   B butterflies, bees, birds, seeds; host: painted lady CITE2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, MACO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Texas Wisteria Wisteria frutescens                           10
    Texas Vervain Verbena halei shrub seeds, division   HAB, NPS-H Mar, Apr, May, Jun blue, purple full dry 1' P butterflies, bees VEHA;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Texas Yellow Star Lindheimeri texana herb seeds NAS MBG Mar, Apr, May yellow full dry 1-3' A   LITE3;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Three-Way Sedge Dulichium arundinaceum grass seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct   partial, shade wet, med-wet 3'     DUAR3;
BONAP		 HECO, MACO  
    Topeka Purple Coneflower Echinacea atrorubens herb - aster     NPS-M               ECAT;     
    Torrey's Rush Juncus torreyi grass seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green, brown full med-wet, med 3' P 6* butterflies & moths JUTO;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO  
    Trailing Wild Bean Strophostyles helvola vine seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept pink full med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 8' A 5 butterflies & moths STHE9; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Tropical Puff Neptunia pubescens herb      HAB, NPS-H Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow     6" P   NEPU3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Tropical Sage, Scarlet Sage Salvia coccinea herb - sage  seeds   BNP, HAR, LNP, MSP, NC, NPS-H, NPS-M Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct red, white, pink full, partial, shade dry, moist 1-3' A, P 13* butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, bees, insects SACO5;
BONAP		 BZCO, 2AUCO, HRCO, MACO, WLCO, WHCO 9
    Trumpet Creeper Vine Campsis radicans vine seeds, cuttings; NPN   BNP,  Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep red, orange, yellow full dry, moist 35' D 8 butterflies & moths; hummingbirds; host: moth CARA2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Tuba Milkweed Asclepias tomentosa milkweed       May, Jun white       E bees ASTO; 
BONAP		 HECO  
    Turk's Cap Malvaviscus arboreus shrub seeds NAS BNP, ENG, HAR, MBG, MSP, NC, NPS-H, NPS-M, NWR Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec red partial, shade   3-5' x 2-5'W SE 11 butterflies & moths, fruit MAARD; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MQCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO 1
    Twistleaf Goldenrod Solidago speciosa herb - goldenrod seeds   HAB, NPS-H Aug, Sep yellow partial moist     82 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SOSP2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO  
    Twistleaf Goldenrod Solidago tortifolia herb     MSP Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow       P 82 butterflies & moths, bees SOTO2;
BONAP		 AUCO, CHCO, HRCO, MGCO, WLCO  
    Two-Wing Silverbell Halesia diptera tree - shrub - understory seeds   BNP, HAR, NPS-H Spring & Fall white  partial   10-25' D 8 butterflies & moths HADI3;
BONAP		 HRCO, MQCO, SJCO  
    Twoflower Melicgrass Melica mutica grass     HAB,    yellow, green, brown partial dry, moist   P   MEMU;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO  
    Upright Burhead Echinodorus berteroi herb - burhead seeds PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full wet, med-wet   A 2 butterflies & moths ECBE2;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Velvet Panicgrass Dichanthelium scorparium grass     HAB,   May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green, purple, brown     5'     DISC3;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, TNCO, WLCO  
    Venus' Looking Glass Triodanis perfoliata Looking Glass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug purple full, partial dry 2' A birds TRPE4;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Violet Ruellia Ruellia nudiflora       HAR,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct purple full, partial, shade dry, moist 1-3' D 6 butterflies & moths; host: buckeye, crescentspot+  RUNU;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Violet Wood Sorrel Oxalis violacea Violet seeds (60) PM NPS-M April, May, Jun purple full, partial med-dry, dry <1' P 4* butterflies & moths, birds OXVI;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, CDCO, FBCO, GRCO,HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Virginia Creeper  Parthenocissus quinquefolia vine seeds   BNP, HAR, May-Jun Sep-Nov white, green full, partial, shade   3-40' D butterflies, host: moths PAQU2;
BONAP		 BZCO, FBCO, GRCO, MACO, TNCO  
    Virginia Day Lily Commelina virginica       NPS-M               COVI3;
 		    
    Virginia Sweetspire, 
Little Henry		 Itea virginica shrub seeds, cuttings   BNP, NC, NWR Apr, May, Jun white partial, shade moist 3-8' D birds ITVI;
BONAP		 MGCO, SJCO 6
    Virginia Wild Rye Elymus virginicus grass seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS BNP, HAB,   Jul, Aug yellow full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 2-3' P 2 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals; host: skippers, satyrs ELVI3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Wafer Ash Ptelea trifoliata tree - shrub seeds (60) PM BNP, MBG Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul green partial med-dry, dry 20' D butterflies, birds, mammals, fruit, host: swallowtail PTTR;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, WHCO  
    Water Canna Canna glauca herb     GSW,  Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial moist, wet, OBL 5' D butterflies, host: skipper CAGL13; 
BONAP		 14AUCO  
    Water Hemlock Cicuta maculata herb - hemlock seeds (120) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial wet, OBL   B 4 butterflies & moths CIMA2; 
BONAP		 BZCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO  
    Water Hickory Carya aquatica       BNP,                     
    Water Horehound Lycopus americanus aquatic - Horehound seeds (0) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial wet, med-wet   P   LYAM;
BONAP		 HRCO  
    Water Hyssop Baccopa monnieri       NPS-M                    
    Water Locus Gleditsia aquatica tree         white, green         45 butterflies & moths GLAQ;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Water Oak Quercus nigra tree     BNP,               
BONAP		    
    Wax Myrtle Morella cerifera shrub seeds, cuttings, NPN   BNP*, ENF, ENG, NWR, NPS-M Mar, Apr green full, partial   8-10' x 6-8'W E butterflies, berries eaten by 4- species of birds birds; host: hairstreak MOCE2;
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Webberville Sedge Carex perpentata       ENG,                   4
    Western Ironweed, 
Baldwin's Ironweed		 Vernonia baldwinii herb - ironweed seeds (60) PM MBG, NPS-M Jul, Aug, Sept purple full, partial med, med-dry 3' P 19* butterflies & moths, birds, bees VEBA;
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO HECO, WHCO 6
    Western Soapberry Sapindus drummondii                            
    Western Sunflower Helianthus occidentalis sunflower seeds (30), NPN PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov yellow full, partial med, med-dry, dry 3' P 81 butterflies & moths, birds, bees HEOC2;
BONAP		 AUCO, CDCO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO  
    Western Wheatgrass Pascopyrum smithii grass seeds, division, NPN NAS   May, Jun yellow full, partial,     P birds PASM;
BONAP		 TNCO  
    Wheat Grass, 
Wild Rye		 Elymus, spp.       NPS-M                    
    Weeping Elbow Bush Forestiera angustifolia       BNP,                     
    White Beebrush Aloysia grattissima       LSN,                     
    White Blue-Eyed Grass Sisyrinchium albidum grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun blue, white full, partial med-dry, dry 6" P   SIAL3;
BONAP		 HECO, MACO  
    White Camass Zigadenus elegans herb - camass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial, shade med, med-dry, dry 3'     ZIEL2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, 2AUCO, GRCO, HECO, MACO, WHCO  
    White Mistflower Eupatorium mohrii       NPS-M               EUMO4;
BONAP		    
    White Oak Quercus alba tree seeds, NPN   BNP, HAR, NWR Mar, Apr, May red, yellow, green, brown full, partial, shade   80-100'x 60-80' D 468 butterflies & moths, birds, host: hairstreak QUAL;
BONAP		 BZCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    White Prairie Clover Dalea candida subshrub - clover seeds (0), NPN PM, NAS NC,  Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept white full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-2' D 3* butterflies & moths, birds, bees DADC7; 
BONAP		 BZCO, CDCO, HRCO  
    White Prickly Poppy Argemone albiflora       LSN,                     
    White Sagebrush Artemisia ludoviciana       BNP, LSN,                     
    White Snakeroot Ageratina altissima herb - snakeroot .seeds (60) PM LSN,  Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white partial, shade med-wet, med, and med-dry 2' P insects AGAL5; 
BONAP		    
    White Trout Lily Erythronium albidum herb - lily seeds, division, NPN PM   April, May white shade med-wet, med P     ERAL9;
BONAP		 MACO  
    White Vervain Verbena urticifolia herb - vervain seeds (60) PM   Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial, shade med-wet, med 5' P 11* butterflies & moths VEUR;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, FBCO  
    White Water Lily Nymphaea odorata aquatic -  lilypad division   GSW, NPS-H Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white full, partial, shade wet 6' deep D birds, bees, waterfowl, mammals, seeds NYOD;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, HECO  
    White Wild Indigo Baptisia alba Indigo seeds (10), division, NPN PM   Apr, May, Jun, Jul white full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 4' P 18* butterflies & moths, bees BAAL; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, WTCO  
    White Yarrow, Common Yarrow Achillea millefolium herb - yarrow seeds, NPN JB BNP, ENF, ENG, LNP, NWR Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, pink full, partial med, med-dry, dry 1-3' D 10* butterflies & moths, bees, insects ACMI2; 
BONAP		 GRCO, HRCO, MQCO  
    Whiteleaf Mountain Mint Pycnanthemum albescens   seeds, cuttings, division   HAB,  Jul, Aug, Sep white full, partial     D bees PYAL;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, HRCO, MQCO, TNCO, WTCO  
    Whitetop Sedge Rhynchospora colorata grass     GSW Jun, Jul, Aug white full, partial   1-2' P   RHCO7;
BONAP		 CHCO, CDCO, GRCO, HRCO, MQCO, WHCO  
  . Whorled Milkweed, Horsetail Milkweed Asclepias verticillata milkweed seeds (30) JB, PM HAB, NPS-M May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white full, partial med, med-dry, dry 2' P 22* butterflies & moths, bees, insects, host: monarch  ; 
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, FBCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, TNCO, WTCO, WHCO 12
    Wild Bergamot, Beebalm Monarda fistulosa herb - beebalm seeds (0), division, NPN JB, PM, NAS BNP, ENF, MBG May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry, dry 2-4'   butterflies, birds, hummingbirds, bees MOFI;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, MACO, MGCO, WTCO 10
    Wild Black Cherry tree Prunus serotina tree seeds, cuttings     Mar, Apr, May, Jun white full, partial, shade dry, moist   D 270 butterflies & moths, birds, bees; host: swallowtail, viceroy + PRSE2;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, SJCO, TNCO  
    Wild Four O'Clock Mirabilis nyctaginea herb   JB   Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov purple full, partial med, med-dry, dry   D   MINY;
BONAP		 HRCO, MACO  
    Wild Hyacinth Camassia scilloides Hyacinth seeds, NPN PM   May, Jun white, blue, purple full, partial med-wet, med, med-dry 7" P butterflies, bees CASC5; 
BONAP		 BZCO  
    Wild Onion Allium canadense       LSN,                     
    Wild Petunia Ruellia humilis Petunia seeds (60), cuttings PM   Jun, Jul, Aug purple full med, med-dry, dry 12" D 6* butterflies & moths; host: buckeye RUHU;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, FBCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO 12
    Wild Texas Petunia Ruellia malacosperma       NPS-M              
BONAP		    
    Wild Yam Dioscorea villosa vine seeds (60) PM   Apr, May, Jun, Jul green partial, shade med-wet, med   P   DIVI4;
BONAP		 MACO  
    Willow Aster Symphyotrichum praealtum Aster seeds (60) PM   Sep, Oct blue full, partial wet, med-wet, med 3' P 7* butterflies & moths, bees SYPR5;
BONAP		 BZCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Willow Oak Quercus phellos tree seeds   BNP,  Mar, Apr, May yellow full, partial moist 30-60' D 468 butterflies & moths, birds, mammals, host: hairstreak, duskywing, fruit QUPH;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO  
    Winecup Callirhoe leiocarpa Winecup   NAM   Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug red, pink, purple partial moist 1-3' A 1 butterfly & moth, nectar CALE2; 
BONAP		 GRCO, MACO  
    Winecup, Purple Poppy Mallow Callirhoe involucrata Winecup seeds (30) PM, NAS BNP, ENG, JNP, LNP, MBG, NPS-H Mar, Apr,  May, Jun, Jul, Aug purple, white, pink, full med, med-dry, dry 8-12" E 1 butterfly & moth, bees, host: Hairstreak CAIN2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, FBCO, HRCO, MACO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO 8
    Wingstem Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem seeds (30) PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial, shade med-wet, med 18-24"   21* butterflies & moths VEAL;
BONAP		 none  
    Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana       BNP, LNP                    
    Wood Gray Sedge Carex grisea grass seeds (60) PM   May, Jun red, purple, brown full, partial, shade wet, med-wet, med 2'. P . CAGR24;
BONAP		 BZCO, 3AUCO, WTCO  
    Woodland Knotweed Persicaria virginiana Knotweed NPN PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct white partial, shade med-wet, med, med-dry 2' A   POVI2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, MGCO, WTCO  
    Wool Grass Scirpus cyperinus grass seeds (60), division, NPN PM   Aug, Sep, Oct   full wet, med-wet 5' P birds, waterfowl; host: skipper SCCY;
BONAP		 GRCO, MACO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Woolly Rose Mallow Hibiscus lasiocarpos aquatic - shrub - Hibiscus     GSW, NPS-H Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep white, red, pink full wet
OBL		   D birds HILA6;
BONAP		 HRCO, MGCO, TNCO  
    Wooly Dutchman’s Pipevine Aristolochia tomentosa vine - Pipevine seeds (90) JB LSN, MBG Mar, Apr, May yellow, green, purple partial moist 72-100'   2* butterflies & moths, host: pipevine swallowtail ARTO3;
BONAP		 BZCO, CHCO, HRCO, MACO, SJCO 10
    Wrinkle-Leaf Goldenrod Solidago rugosa Goldenrod seeds (60), NPN PM   Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow full, partial wet, med-wet 3' P 82 butterflies & moths, birds, bees SORU2;
BONAP		 GRCO, HECO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO  
    Xslender Bush Clover Liatris aspera Clover seeds (10), NPN PM HAR, Jul, Aug, Sept purple partial med, med-dry 2-4' P 6* butterflies & moths, birds, hummingbirds LIAS;
BONAP		    
    Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria tree seeds, cuttings   BNP, ENG, HAB, NWR Apr, May red berries full, partial dry, wet 12-25'x 8-12' E 42 butterflies & moths, birds, host: elfin ILVO;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, CHCO, CDCO, HRCO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WLCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Yellow Crownbeard Verbesina helianthoides Crownbeard seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug yellow full, partial med 4' P 21* butterflies & moths, bees VEHE;
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, GRCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO  
    Yellow False Foxglove Aureolaria grandiflora Foxglove seeds (60) PM   Jul, Aug, Sept yellow partial med-dry, dry 3' P . AUGR; 
BONAP		 BZCO, WTCO  
  . Yellow Passionflower Passiflora lutea vine     NPS-H Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct yellow partial moist to 15' D 14 butterflies & moths, birds, insects; host: fritillaries, longwing PALU2;
BONAP		 BZCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, WTCO  
    Yellow Puff Neptunia lutea       HAB, NPS-H   yellow full         NELU2;
BONAP		 AUCO, BZCO, BUCO, CHCO, HRCO, HECO, MACO, MGCO, MQCO, SJCO, WTCO, WHCO, WHCO  
    Zexmenia Wedelia acapulcensis shrub     NPS-M May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sept orange, yellow               1
    Zigzag Iris Iris brevicaulis Iris     BNP, RD Mar, Apr blue, full, partial, shade   1-2' P birds IRBR2;
BONAP		 CHCO  
    Zizotes Milkweed Asclepias oenotheroides milkweed seeds (15+)   BNP, LSN,  Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct green  full dry 1-3' D 22* butterflies & moths, bees; host: monarch ASOE; 
BONAP		 BZCO, BUCO, CDCO, GRCO, MACO, MGCO, WLCO, WHCO 5

1Scientific and Common Names. With all the variations in common names, using the scientific name is the only way to ensure the specific plant. Scientific names have two parts, usually based on Latin or Greek words.

  •  Straight species:  Echinacea purpurea or E. purpurea The first part is the genus name and is capitalized; the second part is the species and the word and following words (subspecies, etc.) are not capitalized. Straight species are key to creating a wildlife-friendly garden.
  •  Variety:  Echinacea purpurea var. arkansana Naturally occurring variations are denoted with the abbreviation "var."
  •  Cultivar:  Echinacea purpurea cv. ‘Magnus’ Cultivars/nativars, a cultivated plant variety formed with human influence, have names written after "cv." or within single quotes; the first letter capitalized and not italicized. Cultivars are typically less attractive to pollinators. Human tampering with a flower structure (e.g., flower color, pest/disease resistance, longer bloom times, double flower petals) results in loss of genetic diversity and often comes at expense of wildlife. Many are useless to pollinators.  
  •  Hybrid:  Echinacea x hybrida Hybrids/nativars, a genetic cross between two entirely different species, have an “x” in the scientific name. Many are sterile are useless to pollinators.   

2Category column is helpful for sorting the database by tree, vine, grass, milkweed, shrub, aquatic or common name (e.g., penstemon).

3Propogation Techniques:

  • Seeds. Purchase or collect mature seeds; some need cold stratification or scarification.
  •  Hardwood Cuttings taken when the plant is not actively growing – usually late fall through winter. (Source)
  •  Dividing Roots. Plants with fibrous roots and multiple stems can be propagated by division. Dig up or un-pot plant and use a sharp knife or trowel to cut down into root mass. Some damage will occur, but be sure to include intact root and shoot portions for re-potting/transplanting. Divide in half for two large plants, or multiple times for maximum number of smaller plants. Fall or early spring are the best times for division, depending on the species
  •  Corms is a short, fleshy, vertical underground stem. In the fall, these can be dug up and divided like potatoes, and transplanted for mature flowering plants the next growing season. Small corms (cormels) can be broken off the main corm, or cut larger corms (2" diameter or more) in half vertically. Corms are solid; bulbs have layers like an onion. 
  • NPN links to the Native Plant Network Propagation Protocol Database, a website devoted to the sharing of information on how to propagate native plants.

4Seeds. Seeds are abundant, readily available, and inexpensive way to add native plants. Collecting indigenous seeds of local native plants is the ideal way to promote the genetic diversity of your region. Using regionally and ecologically seeds from adapted plants to your local environmental conditions perform better and gain full sustainable benefits. Seeds can also be purchased from retailers that specialize in native seeds.

  JBU Joyful Butterfly sells native plants and seeds.
  PMN Prairie Moon Nursery sells native plants and seeds.
  NAS Native American Seed  sells seeds native to our bioregion; located in the Texas Hill Country. Nature's Way Resouces in Conroe and Buchannan's Native Plants in the Heights carry a variety of Native American Seed packets. 

Scarification is involves weakening, opening, or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to encourage germination and is a technique for hard or waxy seeds to simulate natural disintegration (such as weathering, abrasion, or partial animal digestion, wildfires). There are several methods of scarification (research these methods as seeds do better with various methods): • Clipping the end of the seed coat with nail clippers, • Sanding by rubbing the seed coat with sandpaper, sanding block or nail file for a minute or so until seed coat begins to appear dull • Nicking the seed coat with a fine-tipped knife •Soaking the seeds in water (for recommended time and temperature) • Hydrogen Peroxide Soak (3% hydrogen peroxide diluted in water) • Cold Stratification

4Cold stratification. The number of days of cold stratification needed is in parentheses. Cold stratification is the term for a simple procedure that improves your seed germination rate by 300-400%. Cold stratification mimics the winter season’s chilly, moist weather that triggers a seed’s sprouting from a dormant state. Most perennial plant seeds (such as native wildflowers) require this combo of cold and damp to germinate. In nature, this occurs naturally, but you can accomplish the process yourself. The cold temperatures are as close as your refrigerator, and the moisture of the equation is supplied by water.  (Source). Mark a plastic baggie with name of seeds, # of seeds and date it needs to be taken out of the refrigerator. Place ~1/2 cup of vermiculite (chunkier is better) into a plastic baggie, add water to wet, then wait a few hours and pour of excess water.  Wait a few more hours and pour off excess water again. Add seeds and remove air and place in the back of a drawer (where the temperature doesn't fluctuate. Be sure to follow any instructions provided by the company if seeds are purchased as the number of days of cold stratification can vary depending on how the seeds are sown and stored. Additional steps might also be required. 

Germination Time. Germination is the process in which a seeds sprouts into a seedling. All seeds need moisture (evenly moist), warmth (between 65 and 80° F), and light to germinate. Once seeds are removed from the refrigerator, place the baggie in a sunny window (placing bags on a cookie sheet on a heating pad and lamp can help if it's cold outside). Check the seeds daily. Prepare growing containers with ProMix BX (or peat-based seed starter mix with mycorrhizae) that has been pre-wet. Mycorrhizae increase the surface area of a plant's root system and, as a result, the plant is able to absorb more water. When the root pops out, place them in a growing container with ProMix BX. Containers (with holes) that can be watered from the bottom are best. For plants with deep roots (e.g., milkweed), 20 oz clear solo cups (or large cups from fast food restaurants) can be used.

Place sown seed containers outside in indirect light (e.g., patio). Exposure to the wind is good. Bring plants indoors in freezing weather and place them in a well-ventilated, warm spot with bright, indirect light. Run a fan daily to mimic wind • Bottom watering encourages root development and allows the roots to spread out and stay healthier. To water, place pots in a shallow tray of water. When the soil mix surface is moist, remove pot from water and allow it to drain. • Check pots daily to see if they need watering. They should not dry out or be kept soggy. • Monitor seeds regularly; this early stage is important to survival.

5Plants. Retail locations are small growers with limited inventory or by appointment only; call ahead to make sure they have native plants in stock. Most nursery staff are not experts in native plants, when shopping, request a staff member available who is knowledgeable about native plants to assist and mention you don't want cultivars. Look up the scientific name of every plant to double-check what is being recommended.

          Annual Plant Sales
           ARG: Arbor Gate Tomball some natives (ask for native plants)  
  BUP: Buchannan's Native Plants  Heights sunny, shady, and annual native plant sections, plus native trees  
  ENF:  Enchanted Forest Richmond visit native plant section;   
  ENG:  Enchanted Gardens  Richmond visit the native plant section; ask about natives in other sections of nursery (e.g., trees)  
  FRH:  Friendswood Hardware Friendswood some natives  
  FPN:  Fern Plantation Nursery    some natives, by appointment  
  GEC: Glenbrook Ecologic  Houston by appointment  
  GSW:  Green Star Wetland Plant Farm  Alvin by appointment; monthly open mornings  
  HAB: Houston Audubon Houston year-round online sales with local pickup in Houston April 24-25, 2023
  HAR:  Houston Arboretum  Houston 2 annual native plant sales: March & October April 24-25, 2023
  JNP: Joshua's Native Plants Houston some natives (ask for native plants)  
  LNP: Lindsay's Native Plants Conroe many natives (ask for native plants)  
  LSN: Lone Star Nursery Conroe all natives; many locally sourced  
  MBG: Mercer Botanic Garden  Houston 2 annual plant sales: October & March; visit the native plant section  
  MGG: Master Gardeners - Galveston County LaMarque fall annual plant sale; visit the native plant section  
  MGH: Master Gardeners - Houston County  Houston 2 annual plant sales: October & April; visit the native plant section April 22, 2023
  MGM: Master Gardeners - Montgomery County  Conroe
2 annual plant sales: October & March; visit the native plant section
April 25, 2023
  MNU: Maas Nursery  Seabrook some natives; ask for native plants  
  MSP: Morning Star Prairie Plants Damon by appointment  
  NDN: Next Door Nursery   by appointment  
  NPS-C: Native Plant Society of Texas - Clear Lake Clear Lake 2 annual plant sales: October & April April 15, 2023
  NPS-H: Native Plant Society of Texas - Houston  Houston September - Wildscapes Workshop  
  NPS-M:  Native Plant Society of Texas - Montgomery County Conroe 2 annual plant sales: October & April April 14-15, 2023
  NWR: Nature's Way Resouces Conroe visit the native plant sections in sun and shade; ask about their native trees  
  NWB: New World Botanical  Montgomery    
  RDG: Rusty Dog Gardens Annual Sale online sales in spring and fall with local pickup in Houston  
  TRH: Trees for Houston Annual Sale spring and fall giveaways  

Residents of The Woodlands Township may be eligible for up to $150 back from The Woodlands Water Agency when purchasing native plants locally.  

6Sun Exposure:   • Full Sun  80%+ direct sun; 6+ hours of unobstructed sun.
  • Partial 30-80%+ of direct sun; 3-6 hours of sun; dappled shade (woodland edges, next to east or west wall).
  • Shade <20% sunlight; 6+ hours of indirect sunlight (wooded areas, under trees; next to north wall). 

 

7Soil Moisture:   • Dry  Soils have very low moisture levels, soils tend to be sandy, rocky and low in organic material.    
  • Moderate  moisture is well balanced; not saturated and drains well, but never completely dries out. It usually is slightly moist.
  • Wet wetland or shoreline areas; saturated with water; periodic flooding or ponding and does not drain well. 
The Wetland Indicator or Wetland Code is a wetland classification set by the USDA. We are in Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain (AGCP):
    OBL Obligate Wetland: Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
    FACW Facultative Wetland: Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
    FAC Facultative: Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%). 

 

8Life Cycle:  • Perennial plants regrow every spring and can be deciduous or evergreen
    ⇒ Deciduous plants shed their leaves seasonally. Woody plants drop leaves, but stems do not die back. Herbaceous perennial plants grow back from the roots or underground stems (bulbs, tubers, corms, or rhizomes). Learn more about leaving the leaves and stems.
     ⇒ Evergreens have leaves throughout the year that are always green (not all leaves shed at the same time so remain green year-round).
    ⇒ Semi-Evergreens have foliage during part of the winter or dry season or tends to be evergreen in mild climates/winters
  • Annual herbaceous plants live for only one growing season, then die off; plants go from seed to flower to seed in one year. 
  • Biennial takes two years to complete the flowering cycle. Typically it grows vegetatively the first year and flowers and fruits during the second year before dying.

 

9Benefits:   The number of butterflies and moths that use the plant as caterpillar host plants is listed if it's found in the National Wildlife Federation Native Plant Finder. Caterpillars play a directly proportional role in supporting bird populations. Butterflies and moths are ranked by choosiness of their diet, indicating which may receive the greatest benefit by the inclusion of their host plant in gardens. The site ranks flowers, grasses, trees and shrubs by their value to the ecosystem.
In addition, wildlife that the plant benefits is listed from information found the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Database.   		  

  10Symbols and Maps. USDA Symbol

  • USDA United States Department of Agriculture Click on the USDA Symbol and zoom in on the map to see county-level distribution.
  • BONAP Biota of North America Project BONAP has the most detailed and accurate range maps of native and naturalized plants; the color-coded maps are accurate to the county-level and indicate whether a species is present or not, native or exotic, and if it is rare. This is the best resource for researching the “native-ness” and/ or geographic occurrence of a certain species. (Map Color Key) 
          bright green: native, indigenous, has been recorded in the wild, is naturally occurring in the county
          teal: native, but not indigenous, has been introduced in the county
          yellow: rare native found in the county
          orange: historic native found in the county
          red: presumed extinct native found in the county
          dark green: not known in that county, but recorded wild and is native to some counties in that state
          other colors: not native (except, pink/magenta can be either noxious native or exotic).

11Counties (in our area) where the plant is native according to USDA and BONAP maps.

   AUCO Austin  BUCO Burleson  CDCO Colorado GMCD Grimes 
HRCO  
Harris MGCO  Matagorda
SJCO  
San Jacinto WACO
  Walker
WTCO  
Washington
  BZCO Brazos  CHCO  Chambers FBCO Fort Bend HECO Henderson MACO Madison MQCO Montgomery TNCO Trinity WLCO Waller   WHCO Wharton  

Plant Resources

Native Plant Society of Texas

Native Plant Society of Texas (NPSOT) is a non-profit, volunteer-run organization that works to protect our state’s native plant heritage and preserve it for future generations. through educational programs, workshops, demonstration gardens and many other types of projects. Native landscape classes are offered. The following chapters are located within our council service territory:

Texas Master Naturalist

The Texas Master Naturalist Program mission is to develop a corps of well-informed volunteers to provide education, outreach, and service dedicated to the beneficial management of natural resources and natural areas within their communities for the State of Texas. They are sponsored by Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. Classes are offered. The following chapters are located within our council service territory:

A Presentation by Dr. Doug Tallamy

Douglas Tallamy discusses simple steps that each of us can—and must—take to reverse declining biodiversity and why we must change our adversarial relationship with nature to a collaborative one.

Recent headlines about global insect declines and three billion fewer birds in North America are a bleak reality check about how ineffective our current landscape designs have been at sustaining the plants and animals that sustain us. Such losses are not an option if we wish to continue our current standard of living on Planet Earth. The good news is that none of this is inevitable. Tallamy will discuss simple steps that each of us can- and must take to reverse declining biodiversity, why we must change our adversarial relationship with nature to a collaborative one, and why we, ourselves, are nature’s best hope. For more information on Homegrown National Park, visit https://homegrownnationalpark.org/.

Ecoregions


Texas is divided into natural regions or ecoregions.
There are four ecoregions in our council: 

• Piney Woods
• Gulf Prairies and marshes
• Post Oak Savanah
• Blackland Prairies		 Resources:
• Ecoregions of Texas
• Texas Ecoregions Interactive Map
• Texas Ecoregions Map
• Ecoregions of Texas

Milkweed Native to Texas

Milkweed isn’t a weed; it’s a flowering plant that attracts butterflies, native bees, and other pollinating insects. Milkweed gets its name from the latex or milky white secretions produced if the stem or leaves are broken. Over 450 native insects feed on milkweed nectar, sap, leaves, and flowers. In addition, it’s an important food source for the caterpillars of the Monarch Butterfly. The adult butterflies lay their eggs exclusively on milkweed since the Monarch caterpillars feed solely on the leaves of the milkweed and are the only host plant for this iconic butterfly. Nectar plants are very important for the Monarch butterfly especially in the spring and fall when they migrate through Texas. Learn more about identifying Texas milkweed. Find milkweed seeds and plants by searching the list for milkweed.

Non-Native Milkweed: Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica), Balloon or Hairy Balls Milkweed (Asclepias physocarpa), Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), Giant Milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) are not native to our area.

Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is readily available at many nurseries. "There is preliminary evidence that where tropical milkweed has been introduced, its presence may cause monarchs to reproduce outside of their regular breeding season, disrupt monarchs’ migratory cycle, and increase transmission and virulence of the protozoan parasite (OE: Ophryocystis elektroscirrha). Thus, some monarch scientists are concerned that the planting of tropical milkweed may lead to negative impacts on monarch health. For more information on this topic, please download this fact sheet by the Monarch Joint Venture, also from the Monarch Joint Venture, about research related to tropical milkweed and monarch parasites." (Source)

If you choose to grow tropical milkweed (hopefully while converting to native milkweed), prune it to 6" in September and the regrowth regularly through winter to discourage monarchs from establishing winter-breeding colonies. Fall-migrating Monarchs only need nectar to support their migration, not host plants. Cutting back the milkweed will also help to eliminate OE spores, a debilitating protozoan parasite that infects monarchs, that may be present on the plant. Learn more about why some experts believe tropical milkweed may be harmful to the Monarch butterfly.

Invasive Plants

  • Almost half of our federally endangered native species are significantly threatened by invasive species.
  • The cost of managing and controlling invasive species in the US is nearly $140 billion annually. For plants alone, the cost is estimated at $13 billion per year.
  • The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department bans the importing and possession of about 600 species.
  • Texas has 37 noxious weeds, or nonindigenous invasive plants, per the Texas Department of Agriculture. (Source)
  • Top Texas Invasive Plants:
 

Contacts

For more information, contact Darlene Scheffler.